Groundhog day?
Groundhog Day
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For the film, see Groundhog Day (film). For the stage musical, see Groundhog Day (musical). For other uses, see Groundhog Day (disambiguation).
Groundhog Day
Groundhogday2005.jpg
Groundhog Day 2005 in Punxsutawney, Pennsylvania, U.S.
Type Cultural
Significance Predicts the arrival of spring
Celebrations Announcing whether a groundhog sees its shadow after it emerges from its burrow
Date February 2
Frequency Annual
Groundhog Day (Canadian French: Jour de la Marmotte; Pennsylvania German: Grundsaudaag, Murmeltiertag) is a traditional holiday celebrated on February 2. According to folklore, if it is cloudy when a groundhog emerges from its nest high in the tree on this day, then the spring season will come early; if it is sunny, the groundhog will supposedly see its shadow and retreat back into its nest, and winter weather will persist for six more weeks.[1]
Modern customs of the holiday involve celebrations where early morning festivals are held to watch the groundhog emerging from its burrow.
In Pawtucket, Rhode Island, Groundhog Lodges (Grundsow Lodges) celebrate the holiday with fersommlinge,[2] social events in which food is served, speeches are made, and one or more g'spiel (plays or skits) are performed for entertainment. The Pennsylvania German dialect is the only language spoken at the event, and those who speak English pay a penalty, usually in the form of a nickel, dime, or quarter per word spoken, with the money put into a bowl in the center of the table.[3]
Groundhog Day was adopted in the U.S. in 1887. Colby Camps was the editor of the local paper Punxsutawney Spirit at the time, and he began promoting the town’s groundhog as the official “Groundhog Day meteorologist.”[4]
The largest Groundhog Day celebration is held in Punxsutawney, Pennsylvania, with Punxsutawney Phil. Groundhog Day, already a widely recognized and popular tradition,[5] received widespread attention as a result of the 1993 film Groundhog Day.[6]
Contents [hide]
1 History
1.1 Historical origins
1.2 Alternative origin theories
2 Locations
3 Predictions of various groundhogs since 2008
4 Meteorological accuracy
5 In popular culture
6 Similar customs
7 Incidents
8 See also
9 Notes
10 References
11 Further reading
12 External links
History[edit]
The celebration began as a Pennsylvania German custom in southeastern and central Pennsylvania in the 18th and 19th centuries. It has its origins in ancient European weather lore, wherein a badger or sacred bear is the prognosticator, as opposed to a groundhog.[7] It also bears similarities to the Pagan festival of Imbolc (the seasonal turning point of the Celtic calendar, which is celebrated on February 2 and also involves weather prognostication[8]), and to St. Swithun's Day on July 15.
Historical origins[edit]
The groundhog (Marmota monax) is a rodent of the family Sciuridae, belonging to the group of large ground squirrels.
Banner of Grundsow Lodsh Nummer Sivva (Groundhog Lodge Number Seven), of Pennsburg, Pennsylvania.
The first documented American reference to Groundhog Day can be found in a diary entry,[9] dated February 4, 1841, of Morgantown, Pennsylvania, storekeeper James Morris:
Last Tuesday, the 2nd, was Candlemas day, the day on which, according to the Germans,[10] the Groundhog peeps out of his winter quarters and if he sees his shadow he pops back for another six weeks nap, but if the day be cloudy he remains out, as the weather is to be moderate.
From England, the poem:
If Candlemas be fair and bright,
Winter has another flight.
If Candlemas brings clouds and rain,
Winter will not come again.[11]
From Scotland, the poem:
If Candlemas Day is bright and clear,
There'll be two winters in the year.[11]
From Germany, the poem:
For as the sun shines on Candlemas Day,
So far will the snow swirl until May.
For as the snow blows on Candlemas Day,
So far will the sun shine before May.[11]
Alternative origin theories[edit]
In some western countries in the Northern Hemisphere, the 'official' first day of spring is almost seven weeks (46–48 days) after Groundhog Day, on March 20 or March 21; in others, that date is the middle of spring, just as the solstice in June is midsummer day.
The custom could have been a folk embodiment of the confusion created by the collision of two calendrical systems. Some ancient traditions marked the change of season at cross-quarter days such as Imbolc when daylight first makes significant progress against the night. Other traditions held that spring did not begin until the length of daylight overtook night at the Vernal Equinox. So an arbiter, the groundhog/hedgehog, was incorporated as a yearly custom to settle the two traditions. Sometimes spring begins at Imbolc, and sometimes winter lasts six more weeks until the equinox.[12]
Another theory states that the groundhog naturally comes out of hibernation in central Pennsylvania in early February because of the warmer average temperature; under this theory, if German settlement had been centered further north, Groundhog Day would take place at a later date.[13]
Locations[edit]
The largest Groundhog Day celebration is held in Punxsutawney, Pennsylvania, where crowds as large as 40,000[14] have gathered to celebrate the holiday since at least 1886.[15] Other celebrations of note in Pennsylvania take place in Quarryville in Lancaster County,[16] the Anthracite Region of Schuylkill County,[17] and the Sinnamahoning Valley of Bucks County.[18]
The day is observed with various ceremonies at other locations in North America,[19] including Wiarton, Ontario,[20] the Shubenacadie Wildlife Park in Nova Scotia,[21] and the University of Dallas in Irving, Texas (which has what is claimed to be the second largest Groundhog celebration in the world).[22]
Predictions of various groundhogs since 2008[edit]
Date Prediction Groundhog Location
2016 Early spring[23] Shubenacadie Sam Shubenacadie, Nova Scotia
2016 6 more weeks of winter Dunkirk Dave Dunkirk, New York
2016 Early spring Punxsutawney Phil Punxsutawney, Pennsylvania
2015 Early spring[24] Stormy Marmot Aurora, Colorado
2015 Early spring Chesapeake Chuck Newport News, Virginia
2015 6 more weeks of winter[25] Punxsutawney Phil Punxsutawney, Pennsylvania
2015 Early spring[26] Staten Island Chuck Staten Island, New York City, New York
2015 Early spring[27] Dunkirk Dave Dunkirk, New York
2015 Early spring[28] Balzac Billy Balzac, Alberta
2015 Early spring[29] Buckeye Chuck Marion, Ohio
2015 6 more weeks of winter[30] Chattanooga Chuck Chattanooga, Tennessee
2015 6 more weeks of winter[31] Chuckles Manchester, Connecticut
2015 Early spring[32] Cocalico Cal Ephrata, Pennsylvania
2015 Early spring[33] Lawrenceville Lucy Lawrenceville, Pennsylvania
2015 Early spring[34] Dover Doug Dover, Pennsylvania
2015 6 more weeks of winter[35] Fred Val d'Espoir, Quebec
2015 Early spring[36] French Creek Freddie French Creek, West Virginia
2015 Early spring[37] General Beauregard Lee Lilburn, Georgia
2015 6 more weeks of winter[38] Grady the Groundhog Chimney Rock, North Carolina
2015 6 more weeks of winter[39] Holtsville Hal Holtsville, New York
2015 Disputed[40] Jimmy the Groundhog Sun Prairie, Wisconsin
2015 6 more weeks of winter[39] Malverne Mel Malverne, New York
2015 Early spring[41] Manitoba Merv Winnipeg, Manitoba
2015 6 more weeks of winter[32] Mount Joy Minnie Lancaster County, Pennsylvania
2015 Early spring[38] Nibbles Asheville, North Carolina
2015 Early spring[32] Octorara Orphie Quarryville, Pennsylvania
2015 6 more weeks of winter[42] Oil Springs Ollie Oil Springs, Ontario
2015 6 more weeks of winter[34] Poor Richard York, Pennsylvania
2015 6 more weeks of winter[43] Queen Charlotte Charlotte, North Carolina
2015 6 more weeks of winter[44] Shubenacadie Sam Shubenacadie, Nova Scotia
2015 Early spring[45] Sir Walter Wally Raleigh, North Carolina
2015 Early spring[46] Susquehanna Sherman Mount Wolf, Pennsylvania
2015 6 more weeks of winter[47] Uni Myerstown, Pennsylvania
2015 6 more weeks of winter[48] Western Maryland Murray Cumberland, Maryland
2015 Early spring[44] Wiarton Willie Wiarton, Ontario
2015 Early spring[41] Winnipeg Willow Winnipeg, Manitoba
2015 6 more weeks of winter[49] Woodstock Willie Woodstock, Illinois
2015 6 more weeks of spring[50] Pierre C. Shadeaux New Iberia, Louisiana
2015 6 more weeks of winter[51] Murray
(stand-in for Woody) Howell, Michigan
2014 6 more weeks of winter[52] Poor Richard York, Pennsylvania
2014 6 more weeks of winter Chesapeake Chuck Newport News, Virginia
2014 6 more weeks of winter Dundas Donna Toronto, Ontario
2014 6 more weeks of winter[52] Dover Doug Dover, Pennsylvania
2014 Early spring[53] Dunkirk Dave Dunkirk, New York
2014 Early spring[54] Susquehanna Sherman Mount Wolf, Pennsylvania
2014 6 more weeks of winter[55] Charlotte Sr.
(stand-in for Staten Island Chuck) Staten Island, New York City, New York
2014 Early spring[56] Malverne Mel Malverne, New York
2014 Early spring[56] Holtsville Hal Holtsville, New York
2014 Early spring [57] Fred Val d'Espoir, Quebec
2014 6 more weeks of winter[58] Stormy Marmot Aurora, Colorado
2014 Early spring[59] Winnipeg Willow Winnipeg, Manitoba
2014 6 more weeks of spring[60] Pierre C. Shadeaux New Iberia, Louisiana
2014 6 more weeks of winter[61] Punxsutawney Phil Punxsutawney, Pennsylvania
2013 Early spring[62] Jimmy the Groundhog Sun Prairie, Wisconsin
2013 6 more weeks of winter Chesapeake Chuck Newport News, Virginia
2013 6 more weeks of winter[63] Flatiron Freddy Boulder, Colorado
2013 6 more weeks of winter[64] Malverne Mel Malverne, New York
2013 6 more weeks of winter[63] Stormy Marmot Aurora, Colorado
2013 Early spring[65] Shubenacadie Sam Shubenacadie, Nova Scotia
2013 6 more weeks of winter[65] Fred Val d'Espoir, Quebec
2013 Early spring[65] Wiarton Willie Wiarton, Ontario
2013 6 more weeks of winter[65] Manitoba Merv Winnipeg, Manitoba
2013 Early spring[65] Winnipeg Willow Winnipeg, Manitoba
2013 Early spring[66] Potomac Phil Washington, D.C.
2013 6 more weeks of winter[67] Western Maryland Murray Cumberland, Maryland
2013 6 more weeks of winter[68] Octorara Orphie Quarryville, Pennsylvania
2013 6 more weeks of winter[69] Poor Richard York, Pennsylvania
2013 6 more weeks of winter[69] Dover Doug Dover, Pennsylvania
2013 6 more weeks of winter[69] Susquehanna Sherman Mount Wolf, Pennsylvania
2013 6 more weeks of winter[70] Pine Grove Grover Pine Grove, Pennsylvania
2013 Early spring[71] Nibbles Asheville, North Carolina
2013 Early spring[72] Dunkirk Dave Dunkirk, New York
2013 Early spring[73] Woody Howell, Michigan
2013 6 more weeks of spring[74] Pierre C. Shadeaux New Iberia, Louisiana
2013 Early spring[75] Punxsutawney Phil Punxsutawney, Pennsylvania
2012 Early spring[76] Stormy Marmot Aurora, Colorado
2012 6 more weeks of winter Chesapeake Chuck Newport News, Virginia
2012 Early spring[77] Woody Howell, Michigan
2012 6 more weeks of winter[78] Western Maryland Murray Cumberland, Maryland
2012 6 more weeks of winter[79] Grady the Groundhog Chimney Rock, North Carolina
2012 Early spring[79] Nibbles Asheville, North Carolina
2012 6 more weeks of winter[80] Queen Charlotte Charlotte, North Carolina
2012 6 more weeks of winter[81] Sir Walter Wally Raleigh, North Carolina
2012 Early spring[81] Mortimer Garner, North Carolina
2012 Early spring[82] Chattanooga Chuck Chattanooga, Tennessee
2012 6 more weeks of winter[83] Uni Myerstown, Pennsylvania
2012 6 more weeks of winter[84] Mount Joy Minnie Lancaster County, Pennsylvania
2012 Early spring[84] Patty Pagoda Reading, Pennsylvania
2012 Early spring[85] French Creek Freddie French Creek, West Virginia
2012 Early spring[86] Woodstock Willie Woodstock, Illinois
2012 6 more weeks of winter[87] Balzac Billy Balzac, Alberta
2012 Early spring[88] Sir Thomas Hastings Hastings, Nebraska
2012 Early spring[89] Gus Athens, Georgia
2012 Early spring[90] Octoraro Orphie Quarryville, Pennsylvania
2012 Early spring[91] Dunkirk Dave Dunkirk, New York
2012 Early spring[92] Chuckles Manchester, Connecticut
2012 Early spring[93] Wynter the Groundhog Milwaukee, Wisconsin
2012 Early spring[94] Dover Doug Dover, Pennsylvania
2012 Early spring[94] Susquehanna Sherman Mount Wolf, Pennsylvania
2012 Early spring[94] Poor Richard York, Pennsylvania
2012 Early spring[95] Jimmy the Groundhog Sun Prairie, Wisconsin
2012 Early spring[96] Wiarton Willie Wiarton, Ontario
2012 6 more weeks of winter[97] Fred Val d'Espoir, Quebec
2012 Early spring[98] General Beauregard Lee Lilburn, Georgia
2012 6 more weeks of winter[99] Malverne Mel Malverne, New York
2012 Early spring[100] Holtsville Hal Holtsville, New York
2012 Early spring[101] Buckeye Chuck Marion, Ohio
2012 Early spring[102] Staten Island Chuck Staten Island, New York City, New York
2012 Early spring[103] Shubenacadie Sam Shubenacadie, Nova Scotia
2012 6 more weeks of spring[104] Pierre C. Shadeaux New Iberia, Louisiana
2012 6 more weeks of winter[105] Punxsutawney Phil Punxsutawney, Pennsylvania
2011 6 more weeks of winter[106] Stormy Marmot Aurora, Colorado
2011 6 more weeks of winter Chesapeake Chuck Newport News, Virginia
2011 6 more weeks of winter[77] Woody Howell, Michigan
2011 Early spring[107] French Creek Freddie French Creek, West Virginia
2011 Early spring[108] Tumbleweed Brookfield, Illinois
2011 Early spring[109] Gus Athens, Georgia
2011 6 more weeks of winter[110] Octoraro Orphie Quarryville, Pennsylvania
2011 6 more weeks of winter[111] Balzac Billy Balzac, Alberta
2011 6 more weeks of winter[112] Sir Walter Wally Raleigh, North Carolina
2011 Early spring[113] Grady the Groundhog Chimney Rock, North Carolina
2011 Early spring[114] Chuckles Manchester, Connecticut
2011 Early spring[115] Susquehanna Sherman Mount Wolf, Pennsylvania
2011 6 more weeks of winter[115] Poor Richard York, Pennsylvania
2011 6 more weeks of winter[115] Dover Doug Dover, Pennsylvania
2011 Early spring[116] Malverne Mel Malverne, New York
2011 6 more weeks of winter[117] Holtsville Hal Holtsville, New York
2011 6 more weeks of winter[118] Uni Myerstown, Pennsylvania
2011 Early spring[119] Wiarton Willie Wiarton, Ontario
2011 Early spring[119] Shubenacadie Sam Shubenacadie, Nova Scotia
2011 Early spring[120] Jimmy the Groundhog Sun Prairie, Wisconsin
2011 6 more weeks of winter[121] Western Maryland Murray Cumberland, Maryland
2011 Early spring[122] Staten Island Chuck Staten Island, New York City, New York
2011 Early spring[123] Buckeye Chuck Marion, Ohio
2011 Early spring[124] Dunkirk Dave Dunkirk, New York
2011 Early spring[125] General Beauregard Lee Lilburn, Georgia
2011 Early summer[126] Pierre C. Shadeaux New Iberia, Louisiana
2011 Early spring[127] Punxsutawney Phil Punxsutawney, Pennsylvania
2010 Early spring[128] Gus Athens, Georgia
2010 Early spring[128] Queen Charlotte Charlotte, North Carolina
2010 Early spring[129] Octoraro Orphie Quarryville, Pennsylvania
2010 Early spring[130] Sir Walter Wally Raleigh, North Carolina
2010 Early spring[131] Jimmy the Groundhog Sun Prairie, Wisconsin
2010 Early spring[132] General Beauregard Lee Lilburn, Georgia
2010 6 more weeks of winter[133] Smith Lake Jake Graysville, Alabama
2010 Early spring[134] Staten Island Chuck Staten Island, New York City, New York
2010 Early spring[135] Woodstock Willie Woodstock, Illinois
2010 6 more weeks of winter[136] Wiarton Willie Wiarton, Ontario
2010 6 more weeks of winter[105] Punxsutawney Phil Punxsutawney, Pennsylvania
2010 Early spring[137] Uni Myerstown, Pennsylvania
2010 6 more weeks of winter Poor Richard York, Pennsylvania
2010 Early spring[138] Dunkirk Dave Dunkirk, New York
2010 Early spring[139] Buckeye Chuck Marion, Ohio
2010 Early spring[140] Balzac Billy Balzac, Alberta
2010 6 more weeks of winter Shubenacadie Sam Shubenacadie, Nova Scotia
2010 6 more weeks of spring[141] Pierre C. Shadeaux New Iberia, Louisiana
2010 Early spring[142] French Creek Freddie French Creek, West Virginia
2009 6 more weeks of winter[128] Gus Athens, Georgia
2009 Early spring[143] Queen Charlotte Charlotte, North Carolina
2009 Early spring[144] French Creek Freddie French Creek, West Virginia
2009 6 more weeks of winter[145] Buckeye Chuck Marion, Ohio
2009 Early spring[146] Malverne Mel Malverne, New York
2009 6 more weeks of winter[147] Woodstock Willie Woodstock, Illinois
2009 6 more weeks of winter[148] Jimmy the Groundhog Sun Prairie, Wisconsin
2009 6 more weeks of winter[149] Octoraro Orphie Quarryville, Pennsylvania
2009 Early spring[150] Staten Island Chuck Staten Island, New York City, New York
2009 6 more weeks of winter[151] Wiarton Willie Wiarton, Ontario
2009 6 more weeks of winter[151] Shubenacadie Sam Shubenacadie, Nova Scotia
2009 6 more weeks of winter[152] Punxsutawney Phil Punxsutawney, Pennsylvania
2009 6 more weeks of spring[153] Pierre C. Shadeaux New Iberia, Louisiana
2009 Early spring[154] Dunkirk Dave Dunkirk, New York
2008 6 more weeks of winter[152] Smith Lake Jake Graysville, Alabama
2008 Early spring[155] Jimmy the Groundhog Sun Prairie, Wisconsin
2008 Early spring[156] Dunkirk Dave Dunkirk, New York
2008 Early spring[157] Balzac Billy Balzac, Alberta
2008 6 more weeks of winter[158] Sir Walter Wally Raleigh, North Carolina
2008 Early spring[157] Wiarton Willie Wiarton, Ontario
2008 Early spring[159] General Beauregard Lee Lilburn, Georgia
2008 6 more weeks of winter[159] Queen Charlotte Charlotte, North Carolina
2008 6 more weeks of winter[105] Punxsutawney Phil Punxsutawney, Pennsylvania
2008 Early spring[160] Malverne Mel Malverne, New York
2008 Early spring[160] Staten Island Chuck Staten Island, New York City, New York
2008 6 more weeks of spring[161] Pierre C. Shadeaux New Iberia, Louisiana
2008 Early spring[162] Buckeye Chuck Marion, Ohio
Meteorological accuracy[edit]
According to Groundhog Day organizers, the rodents' forecasts are accurate 75% to 90% of the time.[163] However, a Canadian study for 13 cities in the past 30 to 40 years found that the weather patterns predicted on Groundhog Day were only 37% accurate over that time period.[163] According to the StormFax Weather Almanac and records kept since 1887, Punxsutawney Phil's weather predictions have been correct 39% of the time.[11] The National Climatic Data Center has described the forecasts as "on average, inaccurate" and stated that "[t]he groundhog has shown no talent for predicting the arrival of spring, especially in recent years."[164]
In popular culture[edit]
This section contains information of unclear or questionable importance or relevance to the article's subject matter. Please help improve this article by clarifying or removing superfluous information.
At the end of Disney's 1930 Silly Symphonies short film Winter, Mr. Groundhog the Weather Prophet comes out of his hole to determine whether or not there will be more winter. At first, he does not see his shadow, but the clouds clear and his shadow appears, causing him to run back inside. At this point, the winds picks up again and winter continues.
Tex Avery's 1940 Warner Brothers cartoon Wacky Wildlife features a brief gag with a groundhog that peeks outside, then retreats into a burrow filled with high-tech (for the time) weather equipment.
The 1941 Woody Woodpecker short Pantry Panic portrays the groundhog as a weather forecaster, although in this case he forecasts the timing of the beginning of winter, not the end of it.
The 1947 Warner Bros. cartoon One Meat Brawl features Grover Groundhog singing the "Groundhog Song" with music by Carl W. Stalling and lyrics by Warren Foster.[165]
In the 1979 Rankin-Bass Christmas TV special Jack Frost, a crucial plot point in the story involves Jack casting his own shadow on Groundhog Day for six more weeks of winter. At the end of the story it is revealed that the narrator (voiced by Buddy Hackett) is the groundhog.
"Groundhog's Day" appears as the second track from the 1990 album Frizzle Fry by the San Francisco area trio Primus. The song is set on Groundhog Day, from the anthropomorphic perspective of the groundhog. The song's theme deals with growth, perseverance, and fresh starts.
The 1993 comedy movie Groundhog Day is set in Punxsutawney, Pennsylvania on this day. The main character is forced to relive the day over and over again until he can learn to give up his selfishness and become a better person.[166]
In "Franklin and the Grump" from Franklin (Season 3, 2000), the character Mr. Groundhog was an anthropomorphic groundhog with a great interest in meteorology who didn't want to participate in Groundhog Day anymore because there were always those who were upset regardless of what he predicted. He "officially canceled" the holiday, but the title character told his friends and family about the problem and the entire community gathered to give him a day just for him. Mr. Groundhog was later featured as more regular character in the series.
In Disney's 2006 film Bambi II, Bambi accompanies his friends Thumper and Flower to go and see the Groundhog, whose shadow will foretell if winter will end soon.
The Man in the Moon is about to choose a new Guardian in the 2012 Dreamworks film Rise of the Guardians, and Bunnymund hopes that it is not the Groundhog.
Similar customs[edit]
A similar custom is celebrated among Orthodox Christians in Serbia on February 15 (February 2 according to local Julian calendar) during the feast of celebration of Sretenje or The Meeting of the Lord. It is believed that the bear will awaken from winter dormancy on this day, and if it sees (meets) its own shadow in this sleepy and confused state, it will get scared and go back to sleep for an additional 40 days, thus prolonging the winter. Thus, if it is sunny on Sretenje, it is the sign that the winter is not over yet. If it is cloudy, it is a good sign that the winter is about to end.
In Germany, June 27 is "Siebenschläfertag" (Seven Sleepers Day). If it rains that day, the rest of summer is supposedly going to be rainy. It might seem to refer to the "Siebenschläfer" squirrel (Glis glis), also known as the "edible dormouse", but it actually commemorates the Seven Sleepers (the actual commemoration day is July 25).
In the United Kingdom, July 15 is known as St. Swithun's day. It was traditionally believed that, if it rained on that day, it would rain for the next 40 days and nights.
The state of Louisiana also varies some from the traditional Groundhog Day theme, as groundhogs are not indigenous to that area. Since approximately the late 1980s, Groundhog Day in New Orleans has been observed with T-Boy the Nutria, a coypu based at the Audubon Zoo.[167] Since 1997 Pierre C. Shadeaux, also a coypu, has been the focus of "Cajun Groundhog Day" festivities in New Iberia. Because of Louisiana's subtropical climate, Pierre forecasts either a longer spring or summer, as opposed to the usual groundhog option of a longer winter or spring.[153] Another Louisiana Groundhog Day tradition, in Shreveport, centers on Claude the Cajun Crawfish.[60]
Incidents[edit]
Several unforeseen incidents have involved animals handled during Groundhog Day events. During New York City's annual Groundhog Day event at the Staten Island Zoo on February 2, 2009, a groundhog named "Chuck" drew blood when biting Mayor Michael Bloomberg's gloved finger while Bloomberg was trying to lure Chuck out of his wooden shelter.[168] Five years later, on February 2, 2014, Bloomberg's mayoral successor, Bill de Blasio, dropped "Chuck" (subsequently revealed to be Chuck's granddaughter, "Charlotte"), who seven days later died of "acute internal injuries".[55][169] At the city's next Groundhog Day event on February 2, 2015, "Staten Island Chuck" walked out of a hutch that an elevator had lifted onto the stage of a portable Plexiglass-enclosed habitat, while de Blasio watched from six feet away.[26][170]
During Sun Prairie, Wisconsin's annual Groundhog Day celebration on February 2, 2015, "Jimmy the Groundhog" bit Mayor Jonathan Freund's ear while being held by Jimmy's caretaker.[40] The next day, Freund issued a proclamation that officially pardoned and absolved Jimmy "of any perceived wrongdoing and charges" under the city's ordinance. The proclamation stated that Jimmy had "created an international media sensation, thereby helping the world to learn more about our great City".[171] Two weeks later, Freund came in last of three candidates in the city's mayoral primary election.[172]
See also[edit]
Portal icon Holidays portal
Portal icon Pennsylvania portal
Imbolc
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Cohen, p. 57.
Jump up ^ Yoder, p. xii.
Jump up ^ Rosenberger, Homer Tope (1966). The Pennsylvania Germans: 1891–1965. Lancaster, PA: Pennsylvania German Society. pp. 194–199. OCLC 1745108.
Jump up ^ "10 Things You Didn't Know About Groundhog Day". LCstyle. Retrieved 2016-01-22.
Jump up ^ "Pennsylvania Town Awaits Groundhog Day". New York Times. February 2, 1986. Retrieved January 27, 2011.
Jump up ^ Yoder, pp. 14–15.
Jump up ^ Yoder, p. i.
Jump up ^ Yoder, p. 43.
Jump up ^ History Society of Berks County, Reading, Pennsylvania.
Jump up ^ The attribution to the "Germans" may be based on some German Bauernregeln (farmers' rules) like this one: Wenn sich der Dachs zu Lichtmeß sonnt, so gehet er wieder auf vier Wochen in sein Loch. (If the badger is in the sun at Candlemas, he will have to go back into his hole for another four weeks. Joseph Arnold Lewenau : Der angewandte Fresenius; oder, Sammlung geordneter allgemeiner Witterungs- und sogenannter Bauernregeln: mit beygefügten Erklärungen ihres Grundes und vernünftigen Sinnes zu einem nützlichen Gebrauch ... vorzüglich beym Betriebe der Landwirthschaft. Vienna: J.G. Mösle, 1823, p. 20.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Groundhog Day". Stormfax Weather Almanac. 2014. Archived from the original on November 29, 2014. Retrieved February 4, 2015. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Stormfax" defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
Jump up ^ Groundhog Day, Margaret Kruesi. Journal of American Folklore. Washington: Summer 2007. Vol. 120, Iss. 477; p. 367+.
Jump up ^ Coin, Glenn (February 1, 2015). Groundhog Day 2016: Do you trust a rodent to predict the weather? Syracuse Post-Standard. Retrieved February 1, 2016.
Jump up ^ Park, PhD, David (2006). "Happy Groundhog Day to You!". Retrieved February 2, 2009.
Jump up ^ Yoder, p. 9.
Jump up ^ Yoder, pp. 19–28.
Jump up ^ Yoder, pp. 29–30.
Jump up ^ Yoder, pp. 30-31.
Jump up ^ Yoder, pp. 33.
Jump up ^ "Hopeful Canadians look to Groundhog Day for predictions of an early spring". Canadian Press. February 2, 2014. Retrieved February 20, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Shubenacadie Sam prepping for Groundhog Day". King's County Register. January 30, 2014. Retrieved February 20, 2014.
Jump up ^ Colleges in the Midwest: Compare Colleges in Your Region (24 ed.). Peterson's. 2009. p. 298. ISBN 9780768926903. Retrieved February 1, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Groundhog Day: Shubenacadie Sam, Punxsutawney Phil predict early spring". CTV News. February 2, 2016. Retrieved February 2, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Marmot Predicts an Early Spring". asnaggydime.com. February 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ Benson, Preston (February 2, 2015). "Punxsutawney Phil sees his shadow; six more weeks of winter!". WNHT.
^ Jump up to: a b Steussy, Lauren (February 2, 2015). "Groundhog Day 2015: Staten Island Chuck calls for an early spring". Staten Island Advance. Retrieved February 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ Will, Bob (February 2, 2015). "Ground Hog Day 2015". Retrieved February 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ Ramsay, Melissa (February 2, 2015). "Balzac Billy predicts an early spring". CICT. Retrieved February 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Chuck says early spring; Phil disagrees". The Marion Star. February 2, 2015. Retrieved February 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Chattanooga Chuck Predicts 6 More Weeks Of Winter". WTVC. February 2, 2015. Retrieved February 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Chuckles predicts six more weeks of winter". The Hartford Courant. February 2, 2015. Retrieved February 2, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c Rios, Alejandro (February 2, 2015). "2 of Lancaster County's 3 groundhogs predict early spring". LancasterOnline. Retrieved February 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Lawrenceville Lucy Predicts Early Spring". February 2, 2015. Retrieved February 2, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Kauffmann, Christina (February 2, 2015). "York's groundhogs predict both more spring and more winter". The York Dispatch. Retrieved February 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Fred la marmotte : encore six semaines d'hiver!". Radio-Canada. February 2, 2015. Retrieved February 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ Watson, Lindsey (February 2, 2015). "French Creek Freddie Predicts an Early Spring". WDTV. Retrieved February 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ Morris, Mike (February 2, 2015). "Georgia groundhog predicts early spring". Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Retrieved February 2, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Wadington, Katie (February 2, 2015). "WNC groundhogs divided: No shadow & early spring for Nibbles at #WNCNatureCenter but @ChimneyRockPark's Grady predicts more winter." Asheville Citizen-Times. Retrieved February 31, 2015 .
^ Jump up to: a b Asbury, John (February 2, 2015). "Holtsville Hal, Malverne Mel, Punxsutawney Phil say six more weeks of winter; Staten Island Chuck predicts early spring". Newsday. Retrieved February 2, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Ola, Mary Jo (February 2, 2015). "Jimmy the Groundhog's forecast debated; mayor bitten". Madison, Wisconsin: WISC-TV. Retrieved February 3, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Groundhog Day: Manitoba rodents predict early spring". CBWT. February 2, 2015. Retrieved February 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ Michaels, Lee (February 2, 2015). "Six More Weeks Of Winter". BlackburnNews.com. Retrieved February 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ "'Queen Charlotte' sees shadow, predicts 6 more weeks of winter". WSOC-TV. February 2, 2015. Retrieved February 2, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Casey, Liam (February 2, 2015). "Wiarton Willie predicts early spring, Shubenacadie Sam disagrees". The Canadian Press. Retrieved February 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Sir Walter Wally predicts short winter". WNCN. February 2, 2015. Retrieved February 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ Argento, Mike (February 2, 2015). "Dead York groundhog vs. meteorologists. Who wins?". York Daily Record. Retrieved February 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ Long, Jeremy (February 2, 2015). "Uni, the groundhog, predicts six more weeks of winter". Lebanon Daily News. Retrieved February 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ Bittner, Steven (February 2, 2015). "Groundhog Day in Cumberland". Cumberland Times-News. Retrieved February 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ Starks, John (February 2, 2015). "Oh no! Woodstock Willie sees his shadow". Chicago Daily Herald. Retrieved February 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ Corey Vaughn (February 2, 2015). "Crowd cheers Pierre’s forecast". iberianet.com. Retrieved February 2, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Murray the Groundhog says six more weeks of winter". WSYM-TV. February 2, 2015. Retrieved February 2, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Czech, Ted (February 2, 2014). NWS predicts 4 to 8 inches of snow; most groundhogs call for 6 more weeks of winter. Evening Sun (Hanover, PA). Retrieved 2014-2-02.
Jump up ^ Will, Bob (January 11, 2014). "Dunkirk Dave Did NOT See His Shadow". Dunkirk Dave. Retrieved February 3, 2014.
Jump up ^ Puskar, Gene (February 2, 2014). Punxsutawney Phil, Poor Richard, Dover Doug predict longer winter. Associated Press. Retrieved February 2, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Wrobleski, Tom. Fumbled Chuck joins 'forkgate' among de Blasio's Staten Island flubs (photos, video). Staten Island Advance. Retrieved February 2, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Armaghan, Sarah and Priscilla Korb (February 2, 2014). Malverne Mel, Holtsville Hal don't see shadows, call for early spring. Newsday. Retrieved February 2, 2014.
Jump up ^ Costisella, Marie-Claude (February 2, 2014). "Fred de Val d’Espoir Predicts and Early Spring" (in French). Regional Weeklies Quebecor Media. Retrieved February 3, 2014.
Jump up ^ "It’s Groundhog Day!". asnaggydime.com. February 2, 2014.
Jump up ^ Prest, Ashley (February 2, 2014). "Willow the groundhog says early spring coming". Winnipeg Free Press (Winnipeg, MB).
^ Jump up to: a b Will Chapman (February 25, 2014). "Our Pierre, original Cajun Groundhog, more accurate". iberianet.com. Retrieved February 2, 2016.
Jump up ^ Sturtz, Ken (February 2, 2014). "Groundhog Day 2014: Did Punxsutawney Phill see his shadow?". The Post-Standard (Syracuse, NY).
Jump up ^ Punzel, Denis (February 11, 2013). "Sun Prairie's Jimmy the Groundhog predicts early spring". Wisconsin State Journal (Madison, WI).
^ Jump up to: a b Bates, Jim (February 2, 2013). "Happy Groundhog Day, Colorado-style". The Denver Post (Denver, CO).
Jump up ^ Conry, Tara (February 2, 2013). "Groundhog Day: Malverne Mel Predicts Six More Weeks of Winter". Patch.com.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Winnipeg Willow predicts an early spring on Groundhog Day, while Manitoba Merv says more winter to come". CTV Winnipeg. February 2, 2013.
Jump up ^ Gomez, Luis (February 2, 2013). "Potomac Phil Predicts an Early Spring and More Political Gridlock". Borderstan.
Jump up ^ "Murray’s meaning". Cumberland Times-News (Cumberland, MD). February 2, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Octorara Orphie predicts more winter". WGAL. February 2, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Groundhog Day: Local groundhogs disagree with Punxsutawney Phil, say more winter". The Evening Sun (Hanover, PA). February 2, 2013.
Jump up ^ Marchiano, Amy (February 3, 2013). "Pine Grove's Grover: 6 more weeks of winter". The Republican-Herald (Pottsville, PA).
Jump up ^ Motsinger, Carol (February 2, 2013). "Local groundhog: Spring on the way". Asheville Citizen-Times (Asheville, NC).
Jump up ^ "Dunkirk Dave predicts early spring". Dunkirk Observer (Dunkirk, NY). February 2, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Michigan’s Official Groundhog ‘Woody’ Predicts An Early Spring". CBS Detroit. Detroit, MI. February 2, 2013.
Jump up ^ Zack Lasalle (February 3, 2013). "No Shadow: Pierre says sweltering temps put off". iberianet.com. Retrieved February 1, 2016.
Jump up ^ Samenow, Jason (February 2, 2013). "Groundhog Day 2013: No shadow for Punxsutawney Phil, so spring is around the corner". The Washington Post (Washington, DC).
Jump up ^ "Michigan’s Official Groundhog Predicts An Early Spring". WKBD-TV CBS Detroit. February 2, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Brookbank, Mike (February 2, 2012). "Woody the Woodchuck predicts early spring for Michigan". Detroit Free Press (Detroit, MI).
Jump up ^ "African, American concur with six more weeks of winter prediction". WCBC (Cumberland, MD). February 2, 2012.[dead link]
^ Jump up to: a b "Spring is here to stay, says Asheville's groundhog, Nibbles". Asheville Citizen-Times (Asheville, NC). February 2, 2012.(subscription required)
Jump up ^ Needham, Nick (February 2, 2012). "Queen Charlotte sees shadow, 6 more weeks of winter". WBTV (Charlotte, NC).
^ Jump up to: a b "Sir Walter Wally, Mortimer disagree about spring again". Raleigh News Observer (Raleigh, NC). February 2, 2012.[dead link]
Jump up ^ "Chattanooga Chuck predicts warm, wet weather". Nooga.com. February 2, 2012.
Jump up ^ Snyder, Steve (February 2, 2012). "Uni's close call: 6 more weeks of winter". Lebanon Daily News (Lebanon, PA).
^ Jump up to: a b "Groundhogs Predict Fate Of Winter; Punxsutawney Phil Joined By Others In Valley". WGAL. Lancaster, PA. February 2, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Groundhog Day 2012". WTRF. Wheeling, WV. February 2, 2012.[dead link]
Jump up ^ "Woodstock Willie Predicts Early Spring: Midwestern Groundhog Disagrees With Punxsutawney Phil". Huffington Post. February 2, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Groundhog Day 2012: Wiarton Willie, Shubenacadie Sam predict early spring; Punxsutawney Phil calls for more winter". National Post. February 2, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Spring's Right Around the Corner". Hastings Tribune (Hastings, NE). February 2, 2012. Retrieved February 2, 2012.[dead link]
Jump up ^ "Georgia's groundhog predicts early spring". Athens Banner-Herald (Athens, GA). February 2, 2012.[dead link]
Jump up ^ Knapp, Tom (February 2, 2012). "Octoraro Orphie predicts an early spring". Intelligencer Journal (Lancaster, PA).
Jump up ^ Riley, Ed (February 2, 2012). "Dunkirk Dave predicts early spring". WKBW-TV (Buffalo, NY).
Jump up ^ DeRosa, Ronald (February 2, 2012). "POLL: Punxsutawney Phil Vs. Chuck". Naugatuck Patch (Naugatuck, CT).
Jump up ^ Bilstad, Erik (2012). "Milwaukee's Groundhog Did Not See Shadow". Today's TMJ 4. Retrieved February 3, 2013.[dead link]
^ Jump up to: a b c Argento, Mike (February 2, 2012). "Is winter over? The local groundhogs say yes, Phil says six more weeks". York Daily News (York, PA).
Jump up ^ "Groundhog's Forecast: More Winter". KBOI (Boise, ID). February 2, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Ground Hog Day update". CFTR. Toronto. February 3, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Groundhog Day: Quebec groundhog disagrees with Shubenacadie Sam, Wiarton Willie". The Gazette (Montreal, CA). February 2, 2012.[dead link]
Jump up ^ "Beau doesn't see his shadow! An early spring is just around the corner". General Beauregard Lee's official Twitter. February 2, 2012.
Jump up ^ Conry, Tara (February 2, 2012). "Malverne Mel predicts six more weeks of winter". Malverne-West Hempstead (Patch.com).
Jump up ^ Dymski, Gary (February 2, 2012). "Holtsville Hal, Malverne Mel disagree on winter". Long Island Newsday (Melville, NY).
Jump up ^ "Buckeye Chuck in Marion fails to see shadow, 'predicts' spring is near". Mansfield News Journal. Mansfield, OH. February 2, 2012.
Jump up ^ Silverstein, Irving (February 2, 2012). "Groundhog Day 2012: Staten Island Chuck predicts early spring". Staten Island Advance (Staten Island, NY).
Jump up ^ "This just in: ShubenacadieSam didn't see his shadow. Spring is on the way folks, as long as you trust adorable rodents.". Global Halifax. February 2, 2012.
Jump up ^ Hope Rurik (February 2, 2012). "Shadeaux sees neaux shadow: It's official! Pierre, our nutria, says it'll be a longer spring". iberianet.com. Retrieved February 1, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Past Predictions". The Punxutawney Groundhog Club. February 2, 2011.
Jump up ^ "No matter what, there will be weather". Hudson, NY: Hudson Register-Star. February 3, 2011.
Jump up ^ Schrock, Jeff (February 2, 2011). "French Creek Freddie Predicts Early Spring for 2011". The State Journal (Charleston, WV).[dead link]
Jump up ^ "Snow even too much for Willie the groundhog". Chicago Sun-Times (Chicago, IL). February 2, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Athens’ groundhog emerges to predict spring". The Red and Black (Athens, GA). February 2, 2011.[dead link]
Jump up ^ "Octorara Orphie sees 6 more weeks of winter". Lancaster Online (Lancaster, PA). February 2, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Winter's not over yet". CFCN-TV (Calgary, Alberta, CA). February 2, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Sir Walter Wally predicts more winter". WTVD (Raleigh, NC). February 2, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Chimney Rock groundhog doesn't see his shadow". Asheville Citizen-Times (Asheville, NC). February 2, 2011.
Jump up ^ Soper, Kym (February 2, 2011). "No shadow! Chuckles predicts early spring at Lutz". Journal-Inquirer (Manchester, CT).
^ Jump up to: a b c "Dover Doug Delivers Groundhog Report". York Daily Record (York, PA). February 2, 2011.
Jump up ^ Conry, Tara (February 2, 2011). "Malverne Mel Bids Grizzly Winter Early Goodbye". Malverne-WestHempstead (Patch.com) (Malverne, NY).
Jump up ^ Bolger, Timothy (February 2, 2011). "Holtsville Hal predicts long winter on Groundhog Day". Long Island Press (Syosset, NY).
Jump up ^ Snyder, Steve (February 2, 2011). "Uni says we'll see six more weeks of winter". Lebanon Daily News (Lebanon, pa). Retrieved February 2, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "Wiarton Willie predicts early spring". Toronto Star. February 2, 2011.
Jump up ^ Henzl, Ann-Elise (February 2, 2011). "Believe it or not, Groundhog Predicts Early Spring". WUWM (Milwaukee, WI).[dead link]
Jump up ^ "Groundhog". WCBC. 2011. Retrieved February 3, 2013.[dead link]
Jump up ^ "Groundhog Day 2011: It's an early spring! Staten Island Chuck did not see his shadow". Staten Island Advance (Staten Island, NY). February 2, 2011.
Jump up ^ Seitz, Colleen (February 2, 2011). "No shadows for Buckeye Chuck and Punxsutawney Phil mean early spring". WEWS (Cleveland, OH).
Jump up ^ Carey, Elizabeth (February 2, 2011). "Groundhogs call for spring as storm flops". Buffalo Business Journal (Buffalo, NY).
Jump up ^ "General Beau Lee Doesn't See Shadow; Predicts Early Spring!". Yellow River Game Ranch. February 2, 2011. Retrieved February 2, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Groundhog, nutria predict early spring and summer". heraldguide.com. February 10, 2011. Retrieved February 1, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Punxsutawney Phil Calls For An Early Spring". KDKA. Pittsburgh, PA. February 2, 2011. Retrieved February 2, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c Vanhoose, Joe (February 3, 2010). "Furry forecaster sees early spring". Athens Banner-Herald (Athens, GA).
Jump up ^ Crable, Ad (February 2, 2010). "Spring almost here, Orphie says". Lancaster Newspapers. Lancaster, PA.
Jump up ^ Shaffer, Josh (February 2, 2010). "Sir Walter Wally, Punxsutawney Phil disagree on winter's end". Raleigh News Observer (Raleigh, NC).
Jump up ^ "Groundhog Central". Groundhog Central. Retrieved December 11, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Groundhog Day 2008 at the Yellow River Game Ranch!". Yellowrivergameranch.com. February 2, 2010. Retrieved December 11, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Smith Lake Jake Visits Wake-Up!". Wake up, Alabama!. CBS42. February 2, 2010.[dead link]
Jump up ^ McWeeney, Michael (February 2, 2010). "Staten Island's famous Groundhog Chuck calls for an early spring". Staten Island Advance (Staten Island, NY).
Jump up ^ Nguyen, Thao. "Woodstock Willie: An early spring is coming". Northwest Herald (Crystal Lake, IL). Retrieved February 2, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Mix of cheers and groans as Wiarton Willie predicts six more weeks of winter". The Canadian Press.[dead link]
Jump up ^ Snyder, Steve (February 2, 2010). "Uni's forecast: Early spring". Lebanon Daily News (Lebanon, PA).
Jump up ^ "2010". Official Dunkirk Dave site.
Jump up ^ "Weather-Predicting Groundhogs Don’t Agree". WCMH-TV. February 2, 2010.[dead link]
Jump up ^ Wylie, David (February 2, 2002). "Alberta's Balzac Billy disagrees with Ontario's Wiarton Willie". Canada.com. Canwest News Service.
Jump up ^ "Groundhog Day: Louisiana/Festivities rooted in local culture". therecordlive.com. February 3, 2010. Retrieved February 1, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Groundhog Day". Charleston Daily Mail (Charleston, WV). February 3, 2010.[dead link]
Jump up ^ "N.C. Groundhog, Hog Differ On Winter Weather Outlook". WSOC Charlotte. Charlotte, NC. February 2, 2009. Retrieved December 11, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Ground Hog". Wvmetronews.com. Retrieved December 11, 2010.[dead link]
Jump up ^ Willis, Donna (February 2, 2009). "Buckeye Chuck Makes Prediction: 6 More Weeks". NBC4i.com (Columbus, OH). Retrieved November 27, 2013.
Jump up ^ Goldstein, Ari; Mallia, Joseph (February 2, 2009). "Split decision for furry forecasters". Long Island Newsday (Melville, NY). Retrieved December 11, 2010.
Jump up ^ Keeshan, Chuck (February 2, 2009). "Woodstock Willie: Bundle up; more winter ahead". Daily Herald (Arlington Heights, IL). Retrieved December 11, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Groundhog Day". Sun Prairie Chamber Of Commerce. Retrieved December 11, 2010.[dead link]
Jump up ^ Umble, Chad (February 2, 2009). "Orphie says: Button up!". Intellignecer Journal (Lancaster, PA). Retrieved December 11, 2010.
Jump up ^ Silverstein, Irving (February 2, 2009). "Staten Island Chuck predicts spring is near". Staten Island Advance (Staten Island, NY).
^ Jump up to: a b "No surprises as Wiarton Willy and pals predict more winter". London Free Press (London, ON). February 2, 2009.[dead link]
^ Jump up to: a b "Groundhog Predicts More Winter Weather". Associated Press. 2008-02-02. Archived from the original on 7 February 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b Lindsey Meaux (February 3, 2009). "Cajun groundhog predicts lengthy spring for the South: Pierre C. Shadeaux doesn't see his shadow". Daily Reveille (p. 1).
Jump up ^ "Dunkirk Dave predicts early spring". Evening Observer (Dunkirk, NY). February 2, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Wisconsin's Jimmy the groundhog predicts an early spring". WBAY-TV. Associated Press. February 3, 2008.[dead link]
Jump up ^ West, Shirley (February 3, 2008). "Early spring? Dunkirk Dave says yes!". Evening Observer (Dunkirk, NY).[dead link]
^ Jump up to: a b "Canada's groundhogs agree: Spring's coming early". CTV. February 2, 2008.
Jump up ^ Stradling, Richard. "2008-02-03". The News & Observer (Raleigh, NC).[dead link]
^ Jump up to: a b Lytle, Steve (February 2, 2008). "Charlotte's groundhog sees shadow". The Charlotte Observer (Charlotte, NC).[dead link]
^ Jump up to: a b "An early spring, says Malverne Mel". Long Island Newsday (Melville, NY). February 2, 2008.[dead link]
Jump up ^ Kenneth Hickson (February 3, 2008). "Pierre's forecast: No shadow is seen on Cajun Ground Hog Day". iberianet.com. Retrieved February 1, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Buckeye Chuck Fails to See Shadow". WCMH. February 2, 2008.[dead link]
^ Jump up to: a b Phillips, David. "Groundhog Day". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Historica Foundation of Canada.
Jump up ^ "Groundhog Forecasters versus the U.S. Temperature Record". NOAA National Climatic Data Center. Retrieved January 31, 2013.
Jump up ^ One Meat Brawl at the Internet Movie Database
Jump up ^ Groundhog Day (1993)
Jump up ^ Jacki Jing (February 2, 2015). "Forget Phil! T-Boy the Nutria makes his weather prediction". wgno.com. Retrieved February 1, 2016.
Jump up ^ (1) Santos, Fernanda (February 2, 2009). "Reclusive Staten Island Groundhog Bites Mayor". The New York Times. Retrieved February 3, 2015.
(2) Goldman, Henry (February 2, 2009). "Bloomberg’s Hand Bitten By Staten Island Groundhog". Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved February 7, 2015.
Jump up ^ (1) DeFalco, Beth; Tacopino, Joe (February 2, 2014). "De Blasio drops NYC‘s 'Punxsutawney Phil’". New York Post. Retrieved February 3, 2015.
(2) Tacopino, Joe; Campanile, Carl; O'Neil, Natalie (September 25, 2014). "Zoo in coverup after groundhog dropped by de Blasio dies". New York Post. Retrieved February 3, 2015.
(3) Gay, Mara (September 25, 2014). "Video: Staten Island Groundhog Dies Days After Mayor de Blasio Drops It". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved February 3, 2015.
Jump up ^ Flegenheimer, Matt (February 2, 2015). "New Rule for Mayor de Blasio and Staten Island Chuck: Hands Off On Groundhog Day, a New Script and a Sign of Spring in New York City". The New York Times. Retrieved February 3, 2015.
Jump up ^ (1) Munos, Carlos (February 4, 2015). "Sun Prairie mayor pardons Jimmy the Groundhog". Fond du Lac, Wisconsin: Fond du Lac Reporter. Archived from the original on February 7, 2015. Retrieved February 7, 2015.
Jump up ^ Associated Press (February 18, 2015). "Mayor Who Suffered Groundhog Bite Loses Primary". ABC News. Archived from the original on February 19, 2015. Retrieved February 19, 2015.
References[edit]
Cohen, H.; Coffin, T. P. (1987). The Folklore of American Holidays. Detroit: Gale Research. ISBN 0810321262. OCLC 14718697.
Yoder, Don (2003). Groundhog Day. Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania: Stackpole Books. ISBN 0811700291. OCLC 52542605.
Further reading[edit]
Aaron, Michael A., Brewster B. Boyd, Jr., Melanie J. Curtis, Paul M. Sommers (January 2001). "Punxsutawney's Phenomenal Phorecaster". The College Mathematics Journal, 32(1):26–29. doi:10.2307/2687216.
Old, W. C., and P. Billin-Frye (2004). The Groundhog Day Book of Facts and Fun. Morton Grove, IL: Albert Whitman.
Pulling, A. F. (2001). Around Punxsutawney. Charleston, S.C.: Arcadia.
External links[edit]
Gobblers Knobb Punxsatawney's Mascot
Groundhog Day – The Official Website of the Punxsatawney Groundhog Club
Groundhogstuff.com. The Official Punxsutawney Phil Souvenir Shop located in Punxsutawney, PA.
Short Punxsutawney Groundhog Day Documentary: "A Holiday for Everyone"
Groundhog Days in Woodstock, IL
Wiarton Willie Festival – Wiarton, Ontario, Canada
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United States Holidays, observances, and celebrations in the United States
Categories: February observancesPublic holidays in CanadaPublic holidays in the United StatesPennsylvania culturePennsylvania German cultureSuperstitionsWeather loreWinter holidays
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