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The Flood / Re: Tattoo thread
« on: January 15, 2015, 08:10:09 AM »I don't like tattoos, I think they look ugly.
everyone is entitled to their own opinion
This section allows you to view all posts made by this member. Note that you can only see posts made in areas you currently have access to. 8761
The Flood / Re: Tattoo thread« on: January 15, 2015, 08:10:09 AM »I don't like tattoos, I think they look ugly. everyone is entitled to their own opinion 8762
The Flood / Re: Why is there Soap in the Ocean?« on: January 15, 2015, 08:08:25 AM »
Soap
Watch this page For other uses, see Soap (disambiguation). A collection of decorative soaps, often found in hotels Two equivalent images of the chemical structure of sodium stearate, a typical soap. In chemistry, soap is a salt of a fatty acid.[1] Soaps are mainly used as surfactants for washing, bathing, and cleaning, but they are also used in textile spinning and are important components of lubricants. Soaps for cleansing are obtained by treating vegetable or animal oils and fats with a strongly alkaline solution. Fats and oils are composed of triglycerides; three molecules of fatty acids are attached to a single molecule of glycerol.[2] The alkaline solution, which is often called lye (although the term "lye soap" refers almost exclusively to soaps made with sodium hydroxide), brings about a chemical reaction known as saponification. In this reaction, the triglyceride fats are first hydrolyzed into free fatty acids, and then these combine with the alkali to form crude soap, an amalgam of various soap salts, excess fat or alkali, water, and liberated glycerol (glycerin). The glycerin is a useful by-product, which can be left in the soap product as a softening agent, or isolated for other uses.[2] Soaps are key components of most lubricating greases, which are usually emulsions of calcium soap or lithium soaps and mineral oil. These calcium- and lithium-based greases are widely used. Many other metallic soaps are also useful, including those of aluminium, sodium, and mixtures of them. Such soaps are also used as thickeners to increase the viscosity of oils. In ancient times, lubricating greases were made by the addition of lime to olive oil.[3] Soap is very important for effective hand washing and hygiene, but if it is not available in difficult situations, then clean ash or sand / soil can be used as substitute as recommended by e.g. World Health Organization.[4] Mechanism of cleansing soapsEdit Structure of a micelle, a cell-like structure formed by the aggregation of soap subunits (such as sodium stearate): The exterior of the micelle is hydrophilic (attracted to water) and the interior is lipophilic (attracted to oils). Action of soap When used for cleaning, soap allows insoluble particles to become soluble in water and then be rinsed away. For example: oil/fat is insoluble in water, but when a couple of drops of dish soap are added to the mixture, the oil/fat apparently disappears. The insoluble oil/fat molecules become associated inside micelles, tiny spheres formed from soap molecules with polar hydrophilic (water-attracting) groups on the outside and encasing a lipophilic (fat-attracting) pocket, which shields the oil/fat molecules from the water making it soluble. Anything that is soluble will be washed away with the water. Synthetic detergents operate by similar mechanisms to soap. Effect of the alkali The type of alkali metal used determines the kind of soap product. Sodium soaps, prepared from sodium hydroxide, are firm, whereas potassium soaps, derived from potassium hydroxide, are softer or often liquid. Historically, potassium hydroxide was extracted from the ashes of bracken or other plants. Lithium soaps also tend to be hard—these are used exclusively in greases. Effects of fats See also: Total fatty matter Soaps are derivatives of fatty acids. Traditionally they have been made from triglycerides (oils and fats).[5] Triglyceride is the chemical name for the triesters of fatty acids and glycerin. Tallow, i.e., rendered beef fat, is the most available triglyceride from animals. Its saponified product is called sodium tallowate. Typical vegetable oils used in soap making are palm oil, coconut oil, olive oil, and laurel oil.[6] Each species offers quite different fatty acid content and, hence, results in soaps of distinct feel. The seed oils give softer but milder soaps. Soap made from pure olive oil is sometimes called Castile soap or Marseille soap, and is reputed for being extra mild. The term "Castile" is also sometimes applied to soaps from a mixture of oils, but a high percentage of olive oil. Fatty acid content of various fats used for soapmaking Lauric acid Myristic acid Palmitic acid Stearic acid Oleic acid Linoleic acid Linolenic acid fats C12 saturated C14 saturated C16 saturated C18 saturated C18 monounsaturated C18 diunsaturated C18 triunsaturated Tallow 0 4 28 23 35 2 1 Coconut oil 48 18 9 3 7 2 0 Palm kernel oil 46 16 8 3 12 2 0 Laurel oil 54 0 0 0 15 17 0 Olive oil 0 0 11 2 78 10 0 Canola 0 1 3 2 58 9 23 History of cleansing soapsEdit Early history Box for Amigo del Obrero (Worker's Friend) soap from the 20th century, part of the Museo del Objeto del Objeto collection The earliest recorded evidence of the production of soap-like materials dates back to around 2800 BC in ancient Babylon.[7] A formula for soap consisting of water, alkali, and cassia oil was written on a Babylonian clay tablet around 2200 BC. The Ebers papyrus (Egypt, 1550 BC) indicates the ancient Egyptians bathed regularly and combined animal and vegetable oils with alkaline salts to create a soap-like substance. Egyptian documents mention a soap-like substance was used in the preparation of wool for weaving.[citation needed] In the reign of Nabonidus (556–539 BC), a recipe for soap consisted of uhulu [ashes], cypress [oil] and sesame [seed oil] "for washing the stones for the servant girls".[8] Ancient Roman era The word sapo, Latin for soap, first appears in Pliny the Elder's Historia Naturalis, which discusses the manufacture of soap from tallow and ashes, but the only use he mentions for it is as a pomade for hair; he mentions rather disapprovingly that the men of the Gauls and Germans were more likely to use it than their female counterparts.[9] Aretaeus of Cappadocia, writing in the first century AD, observes among "Celts, which are men called Gauls, those alkaline substances that are made into balls [...] called soap".[10] The Romans' preferred method of cleaning the body was to massage oil into the skin and then scrape away both the oil and any dirt with a strigil. The Gauls used soap made from animal fat. A popular belief claims soap takes its name from a supposed Mount Sapo, where animal sacrifices were supposed to have taken place; tallow from these sacrifices would then have mixed with ashes from fires associated with these sacrifices and with water to produce soap, but there is no evidence of a Mount Sapo in the Roman world and no evidence for the apocryphal story. The Latin word sapo simply means "soap"; it was likely borrowed from an early Germanic language and is cognate with Latin sebum, "tallow", which appears in Pliny the Elder's account.[11] Roman animal sacrifices usually burned only the bones and inedible entrails of the sacrificed animals; edible meat and fat from the sacrifices were taken by the humans rather than the gods. Zosimos of Panopolis, circa 300 AD, describes soap and soapmaking.[12] Galen describes soap-making using lye and prescribes washing to carry away impurities from the body and clothes. According to Galen, the best soaps were Germanic, and soaps from Gaul were second best. This is a reference to true soap in antiquity.[12] Ancient China Soap, or more accurately a detergent similar to soap, was manufactured in ancient China from vegetation and herbs.[13] True soap, made of animal fat, did not appear in China until the modern era.[14] Soap-like detergents were not as popular as ointments and creams.[13] Middle East A 12th-century Islamic document describes the process of soap production.[15] It mentions the key ingredient, alkali, which later becomes crucial to modern chemistry, derived from al-qaly or "ashes". By the 13th century, the manufacture of soap in the Islamic world had become virtually industrialized, with sources in Nablus, Fes, Damascus, and Aleppo.[16][17] Medieval Europe Soapmakers in Naples were members of a guild in the late sixth century,[18] and in the eighth century, soap-making was well known in Italy and Spain.[19] The Carolingian capitulary De Villis, dating to around 800, representing the royal will of Charlemagne, mentions soap as being one of the products the stewards of royal estates are to tally. Soapmaking is mentioned both as “women’s work” and as the produce of “good workmen” alongside other necessities, such as the produce of carpenters, blacksmiths, and bakers.[20] 15th–19th centuries Advertisement for Pears' Soap, 1889 A 1922 magazine advertisement for Palmolive Soap Liquid soap Manufacturing process of soaps/detergents In France, by the second half of the 15th century, the semi-industrialized professional manufacture of soap was concentrated in a few centers of Provence— Toulon, Hyères, and Marseille — which supplied the rest of France.[21] In Marseilles, by 1525, production was concentrated in at least two factories, and soap production at Marseille tended to eclipse the other Provençal centers.[22] English manufacture tended to concentrate in London.[23] Finer soaps were later produced in Europe from the 16th century, using vegetable oils (such as olive oil) as opposed to animal fats. Many of these soaps are still produced, both industrially and by small-scale artisans. Castile soap is a popular example of the vegetable-only soaps derived from the oldest “white soap” of Italy. In modern times, the use of soap has become universal in industrialized nations due to a better understanding of the role of hygiene in reducing the population size of pathogenic microorganisms. Industrially manufactured bar soaps first became available in the late 18th century, as advertising campaigns in Europe and the United States promoted popular awareness of the relationship between cleanliness and health.[24] Until the Industrial Revolution, soapmaking was conducted on a small scale and the product was rough. In 1780 James Keir established a chemical works at Tipton, for the manufacture of alkali from the sulfates of potash and soda, to which he afterwards added a soap manufactory. The method of extraction proceeded on a discovery of Keir's. Andrew Pears started making a high-quality, transparent soap in 1807[25] in London. His son-in-law, Thomas J. Barratt, opened a factory in Isleworth in 1862. William Gossage produced low-priced, good-quality soap from the 1850s. Robert Spear Hudson began manufacturing a soap powder in 1837, initially by grinding the soap with a mortar and pestle. American manufacturer Benjamin T. Babbitt introduced marketing innovations that included sale of bar soap and distribution of product samples. William Hesketh Lever and his brother, James, bought a small soap works in Warrington in 1886 and founded what is still one of the largest soap businesses, formerly called Lever Brothers and now called Unilever. These soap businesses were among the first to employ large-scale advertising campaigns. Liquid soapEdit See also: Detergent Liquid soap was not invented until the 1800s; in 1865, William Shepphard patented a liquid version of soap. In 1898, B.J. Johnson developed a soap (made of palm and olive oils); his company (the B.J. Johnson Soap Company) introduced "Palmolive" brand soap that same year. This new brand of the new kind of soap became popular rapidly, and to such a degree that B.J. Johnson Soap Company changed its name to Palmolive. At the turn of the Twentieth century, Palmolive was the world's best-selling soap.[26] In the early 1900s, other companies began to develop their own liquid soaps. Such products as Pine-Sol and Tide appeared on the market, making the process of cleaning things other than skin (e.g., clothing, floors, bathrooms) much easier. As a detergent, liquid soap tends to be more effective than flake soap, and tends to leave less residue on skin, clothes, and surfaces (e.g., wash basins). Liquid soap also works better for more traditional/non-machine washing methods, such as using a washboard.[27] Soap-making processesEdit The industrial production of soap involves continuous processes, such as continuous addition of fat and removal of product. Smaller-scale production involves the traditional batch processes. The three variations are: the 'cold process', wherein the reaction takes place substantially at room temperature, the 'semiboiled' or 'hot process', wherein the reaction takes place near the boiling point, and the 'fully boiled process', wherein the reactants are boiled at least once and the glycerol is recovered. There are two types of 'semiboiled' hot process methods. The first is the ITMHP (in the mold hot process) and the second is the CPHP (crockpot hot process). Typically soapmakers choose the hot process methods if they wish to reduce the cure time to a three-day air dry process. Most soapmakers, however, continue to prefer the cold process method. The cold process and hot process (semiboiled) are the simplest and typically used by small artisans and hobbyists producing handmade decorative soaps. The glycerine remains in the soap and the reaction continues for many days after the soap is poured into moulds. The glycerine is left during the hot-process method, but at the high temperature employed, the reaction is practically completed in the kettle, before the soap is poured into moulds. This simple and quick process is employed in small factories all over the world. Handmade soap from the cold process also differs from industrially made soap in that an excess of fat is used, beyond that needed to consume the alkali (in a cold-pour process, this excess fat is called “superfatting”), and the glycerine left in acts as a moisturizing agent. However, the glycerine also makes the soap softer and less resistant to becoming “mushy” if left wet. Since it is better to add too much oil and have left-over fat, than to add too much lye and have left-over lye, soap produced from the hot process also contains left-over glycerine and its concomitant pros and cons. Further addition of glycerine and processing of this soap produces glycerin soap. Superfatted soap is more skin-friendly than one without extra fat. However, if too much fat is added, it can leave a “greasy” feel to the skin. Sometimes, an emollient additive, such as jojoba oil or shea butter, is added “at trace” (i.e., the point at which the saponification process is sufficiently advanced that the soap has begun to thicken in the cold process method) in the belief that nearly all the lye will be spent and it will escape saponification and remain intact. In the case of hot-process soap, an emollient may be added after the initial oils have saponified so they remain unreacted in the finished soap. Superfatting can also be accomplished through a process known as “lye discount” in which the soap maker uses less alkali than required instead of adding extra fats. Cold process The lye is dissolved in water. Even in the cold soapmaking process, some heat is usually required; the temperature is usually raised to a point sufficient to ensure complete melting of the fat being used. The batch may also be kept warm for some time after mixing to ensure the alkali (hydroxide) is completely used up. This soap is safe to use after about 12–48 hours, but is not at its peak quality for use for several weeks. Cold-process soapmaking requires exact measurements of lye and fat amounts and computing their ratio, using saponification charts to ensure the finished product does not contain any excess hydroxide or too much free unreacted fat. Saponification charts should also be used in hot processes, but are not necessary for the “fully boiled hot-process” soaping. Historically, lye used in the cold process was made from scratch using rainwater and ashes. Soapmakers deemed the lye solution ready for use when an egg would float in it. Homemade lye making for this process was unpredictable and therefore eventually led to the discovery of the sodium hydroxide by English chemist Sir Humphry Davy in the early 1800s. A cold-process soapmaker first looks up the saponification value for each unique fat on an oil specification sheet. Oil specification sheets contain laboratory test results for each fat, including the precise saponification value of the fat. The saponification value for a specific fat will vary by season and by specimen species.[28] This value is used to calculate the exact amount of potassium hydroxide to react with the fat to form soap. The saponification value must be converted into an equivalent sodium hydroxide value for use in cold process soapmaking. Excess unreacted lye in the soap will result in a very high pH and can burn or irritate skin; not enough lye leaves the soap greasy. Most soap makers formulate their recipes with a 2–5% deficit of lye, to account for the unknown deviation of saponification value between their oil batch and laboratory averages. The lye is dissolved in water. Then oils are heated, or melted if they are solid at room temperature. Once the oils are liquefied and the lye is fully dissolved in water, they are combined. This lye-fat mixture is mixed until the two phases (oils and water) are fully emulsified. Emulsification is most easily identified visually when the soap exhibits some level of “trace”, which is the thickening of the mixture. (Modern-day amateur soapmakers often use a stick blender to speed this process). There are varying levels of trace. Depending on how additives will affect trace, they may be added at light trace, medium trace, or heavy trace. After much stirring, the mixture turns to the consistency of a thin pudding. “Trace” corresponds roughly to viscosity. Essential oils and fragrance oils can be added with the initial soaping oils, but solid additives such as botanicals, herbs, oatmeal, or other additives are most commonly added at light trace, just as the mixture starts to thicken. The batch is then poured into moulds, kept warm with towels or blankets, and left to continue saponification for 12 to 48 hours. (Milk soaps or other soaps with sugars added are the exception. They typically do not require insulation, as the presence of sugar increases the speed of the reaction and thus the production of heat.) During this time, it is normal for the soap to go through a “gel phase”, wherein the opaque soap will turn somewhat transparent for several hours, before once again turning opaque. 8763
The Flood / Re: I Am Very Scared« on: January 15, 2015, 08:03:17 AM »
I love the movie big hero 6
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The Flood / Re: Are you single, in a relationship, or married?« on: January 15, 2015, 07:59:57 AM »with AsamiTo answer your question, yes I am in a relationship.I am your shield. 8766
Gaming / Re: Did the 360 hold back games size wise for last gen?« on: January 15, 2015, 07:40:32 AM »
Nah because even PS3 exclusives didn't take full advantage of the blu Rays size
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The Flood / Re: Are the walls of your bedroom painted in your favorite color?« on: January 15, 2015, 07:28:54 AM »
They're grey with a blue accent stripe
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Gaming / Re: So I went into the crucible today...« on: January 15, 2015, 07:20:43 AM »The design/balancing is just godawfulyou're confused. There's 2 gametypes with mild variations . Team death match, team death match with irrelevant capture points, team death match with irrelevant flags, team death match with extra vehicles, and regular death match 8769
Gaming / Re: So I went into the crucible today...« on: January 15, 2015, 07:18:13 AM »
Send them home crying
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The Flood / Re: Google's modular phone actually works« on: January 15, 2015, 07:16:48 AM »i need muh instant messaging and read receiptsDoes it have iMessage and emojis?It runs android so yes to emojis no to imessage 8771
The Flood / Re: Google's modular phone actually works« on: January 15, 2015, 07:14:37 AM »
Does it have iMessage and emojis?
My inner white girl needs to be satisfied 8772
The Flood / Re: You have 10 seconds to prove you're not an americunt« on: January 15, 2015, 06:56:04 AM »
I'm thin with an above average IQ
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The Flood / Re: So this is Sep7agon, eh?« on: January 15, 2015, 06:11:22 AM »that was me and das you cheaterdid someone delete the two comments that quoted the link?The hell happened here?Meatspin. 8774
The Flood / Re: Where do you buy your sweet clothes« on: January 14, 2015, 11:49:19 PM »The clothes store, duh.where's you get that shirt, the toilet store? 8775
The Flood / Re: Where do you buy your sweet clothes« on: January 14, 2015, 11:33:04 PM »Zumiestillys has a lot of the same kind of stuff as zumies but they generally have larger stores and larger collections. I think they have the same parent company 8776
The Flood / Where do you buy your sweet clothes« on: January 14, 2015, 11:28:19 PM »
I'm a pacsun guy myself
Also some cool stuff I see on etsy or red bubble And flannels from anywhere 8777
The Flood / Re: Can someone tell me if these stats are decent?« on: January 14, 2015, 11:16:20 PM »
What is it guys?
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The Flood / Re: has anyone else noticed the recent influx of new users?« on: January 14, 2015, 11:03:14 PM »There's a thread on bungie.net about this place. Figured I'd give it a try.welcome to my house party 8779
The Flood / Re: has anyone else noticed the recent influx of new users?« on: January 14, 2015, 10:56:30 PM »I invited Adub and Loaf I haven't been on either of my other forums in ages and I don't really want anyone I know In real life on here soo.. Idk how to invite people 8780
The Flood / Re: has anyone else noticed the recent influx of new users?« on: January 14, 2015, 10:53:01 PM »
I have too. They could do with being a little more active though. I wish there was a solid way to attract people to this site besides bee net
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The Flood / Re: Ask Me Anything« on: January 14, 2015, 10:51:12 PM »I remember flipping the elephant... Good timesWhy the name Sandtrap? 8782
The Flood / Re: I've got a confession to make...« on: January 14, 2015, 10:47:16 PM »What'd he say?He posted a link to meat spin Nothing funny or original 8783
The Flood / Re: I've got a confession to make...« on: January 14, 2015, 10:45:44 PM »I'm not sure why you're even replying to him. He's already banned for posting meat spinYou're right. It may have started out as joshing, but now 'it's just a joke' has become a catchphrase/get out jail free card for a lot of these people. I think it's a combination of cabin fever and too many assholes who are just assholes by nature. This place is well and truly a bitch-pit.It doesn't really have the same vibe as if you were all my good mates.lighten up bud, or did you come here looking for a reason to call us dicks? People just poke at each other and jest here in good funStop trying to sound dramaticI'm here thirty minutes and you're already being dicks. They were right about this place. 8785
The Flood / Re: I've got a confession to make...« on: January 14, 2015, 10:37:27 PM »you can't jest the jester>jestlighten up bud, or did you come here looking for a reason to call us dicks? People just poke at each other and jest here in good funStop trying to sound dramaticI'm here thirty minutes and you're already being dicks. They were right about this place. 8786
The Flood / Re: I've got a confession to make...« on: January 14, 2015, 10:36:38 PM »well like you said, you've been here a half an hour and nobody knows who you are, within a half an hour of being here you make a thread about having a confession about who you are. Just be chill and we'll be chill backIt doesn't really have the same vibe as if you were all my good mates.lighten up bud, or did you come here looking for a reason to call us dicks? People just poke at each other and jest here in good funStop trying to sound dramaticI'm here thirty minutes and you're already being dicks. They were right about this place. 8787
The Flood / Re: I've got a confession to make...« on: January 14, 2015, 10:33:04 PM »lighten up bud, or did you come here looking for a reason to call us dicks? People just poke at each other and jest here in good funStop trying to sound dramaticI'm here thirty minutes and you're already being dicks. They were right about this place. 8788
The Flood / Re: I've got a confession to make...« on: January 14, 2015, 10:31:31 PM »
You'll never be as gay as RC so go ahead and tell us
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The Flood / Re: So this is Sep7agon, eh?« on: January 14, 2015, 10:29:10 PM »I commmand you to make a sweet avatarI remember that guy. He's not me though.youre name sounds so familiar. you were the one with the green grunt, weren't you?Name looks similar to Risay 8790
The Flood / Re: Ask Me Anything« on: January 14, 2015, 10:21:12 PM »Hahahaha it's been upside down for so long I thought it was intentionalWhy is your picture upside down? |