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Messages - Assassin 11D7
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841
« on: January 21, 2017, 01:40:12 PM »
only thing a nazi deserves is the fucking pavement. we need more of this
Okay, antifa.
yes that's the idea
"We should physically assault people whose political opinions I strongly dislike"
This is how a petulant child thinks.
defending nazis is a weird hill to die on but hey, you do you.
Like anyone he has the right to say whatever he wants, whether you agree with them or not. Assaulting a man for speaking his mind and then having the audacity of calling him a "Nazi" is oxymoronic.
they aren't engaging in nebulous, innocent free speech; they're attempting to shore up the power necessary to enact ethnic cleansing. nothing oxymoronic about calling a spade a spade. miss me with this bullshit ya dig?
Mr. fucking "lemme explain Pepe the frog" is planning full scale ethnic genocide, and the people in the back waving signs with "WHITEY MUST DIE" aren't? Fucking top notch.
842
« on: January 20, 2017, 07:34:36 PM »
Don't believe their lies.
843
« on: January 20, 2017, 07:19:44 PM »
Not always. It used to be pretty chill here, but now everyone is an alt right moron. Endorsing feminism is like admitting you're a nazi to these people.
Bungle is so much better, I recommend you join up there.
there's this thing called messing with kenny
I mean you're the one who felt the need to screenshot a regular thing he and I do
There were 4 other people involved in that discussion calling you an idiot.
everything just goes over your head lmao
Are you seriously trying to brush it off as "lol everyone was in on it all along, don't be dumb"?
844
« on: January 20, 2017, 07:04:56 PM »
Not always. It used to be pretty chill here, but now everyone is an alt right moron. Endorsing feminism is like admitting you're a nazi to these people.
Bungle is so much better, I recommend you join up there.
there's this thing called messing with kenny
I mean you're the one who felt the need to screenshot a regular thing he and I do
There were 4 other people involved in that discussion calling you an idiot.
845
« on: January 20, 2017, 06:58:05 PM »
Not always. It used to be pretty chill here, but now everyone is an alt right moron. Endorsing feminism is like admitting you're a nazi to these people.
Bungle is so much better, I recommend you join up there.
there's this thing called messing with kenny
846
« on: January 20, 2017, 06:36:08 PM »
> The Trump Administration is also committed to clean coal technology, and to reviving America’s coal industry, which has been hurting for too long.
Even with the smoke not being the old timely black, it's still going to produce carbon emissions. There's a reason why coal is being phased out for cleaner fuels.
No, we're gonna bring it all back. Just like the factory jobs that totally haven't gone to robuts.
Listen, just because they're Asian doesn't mean you can call them robots you fucking racist.
847
« on: January 20, 2017, 06:23:07 PM »
It was only memes when Arky and Slash were still around. Now that they don't post anything the people who genuinely feel that way can post their opinions without having to repeat somebody else
but Slash is legitmately a Nazi now.
848
« on: January 20, 2017, 06:21:21 PM »
Not always. It used to be pretty chill here, but now everyone is an alt right moron. Endorsing feminism is like admitting you're a nazi to these people.
Bungle is so much better, I recommend you join up there.
849
« on: January 20, 2017, 06:17:28 PM »
Why are people so sad about a rat dying?
850
« on: January 16, 2017, 01:06:15 AM »
I can't fucking tell if these are more alts of Door or not
851
« on: January 16, 2017, 12:58:18 AM »
neck yourself
852
« on: January 16, 2017, 12:45:10 AM »
lmao i don't even get notifications for warning anymore?
853
« on: January 16, 2017, 12:44:10 AM »
854
« on: January 16, 2017, 12:43:30 AM »
li class=""><a href=""><span class="">1.2</span> <span class="">Geology, earthquakes and volcanoes</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class=""><a href=""><span class="">2</span> <span class="">History and exploration</span></a></li> <li class=""><a href=""><span class="">3</span> <span class="">Terrestrial flora</span></a></li> <li class=""><a href=""><span class="">4</span> <span class="">Terrestrial and aquatic fauna</span></a></li> <li class=""><a href=""><span class="">5</span> <span class="">See also</span></a></li> <li class=""><a href=""><span class="">6</span> <span class="">References</span></a></li> <li class=""><a href=""><span class="">7</span> <span class="">Further reading</span></a></li> <li class=""><a href=""><span class="">8</span> <span class="">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <p></p> <h2><span class="" id="">Geography</span><span class=""><span class="">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamchatka_Peninsula&action=edit&section=1" title="">edit</a><span class="">]</span></span></h2> <div class=""> <div class="" style=""><a href="" class=""><img alt="" src="" class="" srcset="" data-file-width="" data-file-height="" width="" height=""></a> <div class=""> <div class=""><a href="" class="" title=""></a></div> Topography of the Kamchatka Peninsula</div> </div> </div> <div class=""> <div class="" style=""> <div class="" style=""> <div class=""><a href="" class=""><img alt="" src="" srcset="" data-file-width="" data-file-height="" width="" height=""></a></div> </div> <div class="" style=""> <div class=""><a href="" class=""><img alt="" src="" srcset="" data-file-width="" data-file-height="" width="" height=""></a></div> </div> <div style=""></div> <div class="" style="">Views of Kamchatka from space in early summer (left) and late winter (right). Note the <a href="" title="">sea ice</a> paralleling the coastline.</div> </div> </div
855
« on: January 16, 2017, 12:41:04 AM »
<p>The <b>Kamchatka Peninsula</b> (<a href="" title="">Russian</a>: <span xml:lang="" lang="">полуо́стров Камча́тка</span>, <i>Poluostrov Kamchatka</i>) is a 1,250-kilometre-long (780 mi) <a href="" title="">peninsula</a> in the <a href="" title="">Russian Far East</a>, with an area of about 270,000 km<sup>2</sup> (100,000 sq mi).<sup id="" class=""><a href="">[1]</a></sup> It lies between the <a href="" title="">Pacific Ocean</a> to the east and the <a href="" title="">Sea of Okhotsk</a> to the west.<sup id="" class=""><a href="">[2]</a></sup> Immediately offshore along the Pacific coast of the peninsula runs the 10,500-metre (34,400-ft) deep <a href="" title="">Kuril–Kamchatka Trench</a>.</p> <p>The Kamchatka Peninsula, the <a href="" title="">Commander Islands</a>, and <a href="" title="">Karaginsky Island</a> constitute the <a href="" title="">Kamchatka Krai</a> of the <a href="" title="">Russian Federation</a>. The vast majority of the 322,079 inhabitants are ethnic <a href="" title="">Russians</a>, but there are also about 13,000 <a href="" title="">Koryaks</a> (2014).<sup id="" class=""><a href="">[3]</a></sup> More than half of the population lives in <a href="" title="">Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky</a> (179,526 people in 2010) and nearby <a href="" title="">Yelizovo</a> (38,980).</p> <p>The Kamchatka peninsula contains the <a href="" title="">volcanoes of Kamchatka</a>, a <a href="" title="">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a>.</p> <p>Kamchatka receives up to 2,700 mm (110 in) of precipitation per year. The summers are moderately cool, and the winters tend to be rather stormy though rarely producing lightning.</p>
856
« on: January 16, 2017, 12:36:22 AM »
<div id="" class="" role=""> <a id=""></a> <div id=""><div id=""></div><!-- CentralNotice --></div> <div class=""> </div> <h1 id="" class="" lang="">Kamchatka Peninsula</h1> <div id="" class=""> <div id="">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> <div id=""></div> <div id="" class=""> Jump to: <a href="">navigation</a>, <a href="">search</a> </div> <div id="" dir="" class="" lang=""><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div role="" class="">"Kamchatka" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="" class="" title="">Kamchatka (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <table class="" style=""> <caption class="">Kamchatka Peninsula</caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="" style=""><small class="">полуо́стров Камча́тка</small></th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="" style=""><a href="" class=""><img alt="" src="" srcset="" data-file-width="" data-file-height="" width="" height=""></a> <div>Kamchatka Peninsula in the far east of Russia. The pink area is the Kamchatka Krai which includes some of the mainland to the north.</div> </td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="" style="">Geography</th> </tr> <tr> <th scope="">Location</th> <td>Far East</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="">Coordinates</th> <td><span class=""><span style=""><img src="" class="" title="" alt="" style=""><a class="" href="//tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Kamchatka_Peninsula&params=57_N_160_E_region:RU-KAM_scale:5000000_type:isle" style=""><span class=""><span class="" title=""><span class="">57°N</span> <span class="">160°E</span></span></span><span class=""> / </span><span class=""><span class="" title="">57°N 160°E</span><span style=""> / <span class="">57; 160</span></span></span></a></span></span><span style=""><span id=""><a href="" title="">Coordinates</a>: <span class=""><span style=""><img src="" class="" title="" alt="" style=""><a class="" href="//tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Kamchatka_Peninsula&params=57_N_160_E_region:RU-KAM_scale:5000000_type:isle" style=""><span class=""><span class="" title=""><span class="">57°N</span> <span class="">160°E</span></span></span><span class=""> / </span><span class=""><span class="" title="">57°N 160°E</span><span style=""> / <span class="">57; 160</span></span></span></a></span></span></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="">Adjacent bodies of water</th> <td> <div><a href="" title="">Sea of Okhotsk</a><br> <a href="" title="">Pacific Ocean</a></div> </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="">Area</th> <td>270,000 km<sup>2</sup> (100,000 sq mi)</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="">Highest elevation</th> <td>4,750 m (15,580 ft)</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="">Highest point</th> <td><a href="" title="">Klyuchevskaya Sopka</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="" style="">Administration</th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="" style=""> <div><b><span class=""><img alt="" src="" class="" srcset="" data-file-width="" data-file-height="" width="" height=""> </span><a href="" title="">Russia</a></b></div> </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="">Federal subject</th> <td><a href="" title="">Kamchatka Krai</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="">Capital and largest city</th> <td><a href="" title="">Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="" style="">Demographics</th> </tr> <tr> <th scope="">Population</th> <td>322,079</td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p>The <b>Kamchatka Peninsula</b> (<a href="" title="">Russian</a>: <span xml:lang="" lang="">полуо́стров Камча́тка</span>, <i>Poluostrov Kamchatka</i>) is a 1,250-kilometre-long (780 mi) <a href="" title="">peninsula</a> in the <a href="" title="">Russian Far East</a>, with an area of about 270,000 km<sup>2</sup> (100,000 sq mi).<sup id="" class=""><a href="">[1]</a></sup> It lies between the <a href="" title="">Pacific Ocean</a> to the east and the <a href="" title="">Sea of Okhotsk</a> to the west.<sup id="" class=""><a href="">[2]</a></sup> Immediately offshore along the Pacific coast of the peninsula runs the 10,500-metre (34,400-ft) deep <a href="" title="">Kuril–Kamchatka Trench</a>.</p> <p>The Kamchatka Peninsula, the <a href="" title="">Commander Islands</a>, and <a href="" title="">Karaginsky Island</a> constitute the <a href="" title="">Kamchatka Krai</a> of the <a href="" title="">Russian Federation</a>. The vast majority of the 322,079 inhabitants are ethnic <a href="" title="">Russians</a>, but there are also about 13,000 <a href="" title="">Koryaks</a> (2014).<sup id="" class=""><a href="">[3]</a></sup> More than half of the population lives in <a href="" title="">Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky</a> (179,526 people in 2010) and nearby <a href="" title="">Yelizovo</a> (38,980).</p> <p>The Kamchatka peninsula contains the <a href="" title="">volcanoes of Kamchatka</a>, a <a href="" title="">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a>.</p> <p>Kamchatka receives up to 2,700 mm (110 in) of precipitation per year. The summers are moderately cool, and the winters tend to be rather stormy though rarely producing lightning.</p> <p></p> <div id="" class=""> <div id=""> <h2>Contents</h2> <span class=""> [<a role="" tabindex="" id="">hide</a>] </span></div> <ul> <li class=""><a href=""><span class="">1</span> <span class="">Geography</span></a> <ul> <li class=""><a href=""><span class="">1.1</span> <span class="">Climate</span></a></li> <li class=""><a href=""><span class="">1.2</span> <span class="">Geology, earthquakes and volcanoes</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class=""><a href=""><span class="">2</span> <span class="">History and exploration</span></a></li> <li class=""><a href=""><span class="">3</span> <span class="">Terrestrial flora</span></a></li> <li class=""><a href=""><span class="">4</span> <span class="">Terrestrial and aquatic fauna</span></a></li> <li class=""><a href=""><span class="">5</span> <span class="">See also</span></a></li> <li class=""><a href=""><span class="">6</span> <span class="">References</span></a></li> <li class=""><a href=""><span class="">7</span> <span class="">Further reading</span></a></li> <li class=""><a href=""><span class="">8</span> <span class="">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <p></p> <h2><span class="" id="">Geography</span><span class=""><span class="">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamchatka_Peninsula&action=edit&section=1" title="">edit</a><span class="">]</span></span></h2> <div class=""> <div class="" style=""><a href="" class=""><img alt="" src="" class="" srcset="" data-file-width="" data-file-height="" width="" height=""></a> <div class=""> <div class=""><a href="" class="" title=""></a></div> Topography of the Kamchatka Peninsula</div> </div> </div> <div class=""> <div class="" style=""> <div class="" style=""> <div class=""><a href="" class=""><img alt="" src="" srcset="" data-file-width="" data-file-height="" width="" height=""></a></div> </div> <div class="" style=""> <div class=""><a href="" class=""><img alt="" src="" srcset="" data-file-width="" data-file-height="" width="" height=""></a></div> </div> <div style=""></div> <div class="" style="">Views of Kamchatka from space in early summer (left) and late winter (right). Note the <a href="" title="">sea ice</a> paralleling the coastline.</div> </div> </div> <p>Politically, the peninsula forms part of <a href="" title="">Kamchatka Krai</a>. The southern tip is called <a href="" title="">Cape Lopatka</a>. The circular bay to the north of this on the Pacific side is <a href="" title="">Avacha Bay</a> with the capital, <a href="" title="">Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky</a>. North up the Pacific side, the four peninsulas are called Shipunsky Point, Kronotsky Point, Kamchatsky Point and Ozernoy Point. North of Ozernoy is the large <a href="" class="" title="">Karaginsky Bay</a>, which features <a href="" title="">Karaginsky Island</a>. Northeast of this (off the displayed map) lies <a href="" title="">Korfa Bay</a> with the town of <a href="" title="">Tilichiki</a>. On the opposite side is the <a href="" title="">Shelikhov Gulf</a>.</p> <p>The Kamchatka or Central (<a href="" title="">Sredinny</a>) Range forms the spine of the peninsula. Along the southeast coast runs the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vostochny_Range&action=edit&redlink=1" class="" title="">Vostochny</a> or Eastern Range. Between these lies the central valley. The <a href="" title="">Kamchatka River</a> rises northwest of <a href="" class="" title="">Avacha</a> and flows north down the central valley, turning east near <a href="" title="">Klyuchi</a> to enter the Pacific south of Kamchatsky Point at <a href="" title="">Ust-Kamchatsk</a>. In the nineteenth century a trail led west from near Klychi over the mountains to the Tegil river and town which was the main trading post on the west coast. North of Tegil is <a href="" title="">Koryak Okrug</a>. South of the Tegil is the Icha River. Just south of the headwaters of the Kamchatka, the Bistraya River curves southwest to enter the Sea of Okhotsk at Bolsheretsk, which once served as a port connecting the peninsula to <a href="" title="">Okhotsk</a>. South of the Bistraya flows the <a href="" title="">Golygina River</a>.</p> <p>Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky and the settlements in the central part of the peninsula are connected with highway leading to <a href="" title="">Ust-Kamchatsk</a>, covered with asphalt in its southern part and near habitations, and changing into a gravel road about halfway north. Another highway connects local capital with Bolsheretsk. Bus service is available on both roads. Most other roads are gravel-covered or coverless ground, requiring off-road capable vehicles. There is semi-regular passenger transportation with aircraft.</p> <p>The obvious circular area in the central valley is the <a href="" title="">Klyuchevskaya Sopka</a>, an isolated volcanic group southeast of the curve of the Kamchatka River. West of Kronotsky Point is the <a href="" title="">Kronotsky</a> Biosphere Reserve with the <a href="" title="">Valley of Geysers</a>. At the southern tip is the Southern Kamchatka Wildlife Refuge with <a href="" title="">Kurile Lake</a>. There are several other protected areas: <a href="" title="">Palana</a> is located in the Koryak area on the northwest coast.</p> <h3><span class="" id="">Climate</span><span class=""><span class="">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamchatka_Peninsula&action=edit&section=2" title="">edit</a><span class="">]</span></span></h3> <p>Although Kamchatka lies at similar latitudes to <a href="" title="">Great Britain</a>, cold arctic winds from <a href="" title="">Siberia</a> combined with the cold <a href="" title="">Oyashio</a> sea current see the peninsula covered in snow from October to late May. Under the <a href="" title="">Köppen climate classification</a> Kamchatka generally has a <a href="" title="">subarctic climate</a> (<i>Dfc</i>) but higher and more northerly areas have a polar climate (<i>ET</i>). Kamchatka is much wetter and milder than eastern Siberia, and is essentially transitional from the hypercontinental climate of Siberia and <a href="" title="">northeast China</a> to the rain-drenched <a href="" class="" title="">subpolar oceanic climate</a> of the <a href="" title="">Aleutian Islands</a>.</p> <div class=""> <div class="" style=""><a href="" class=""><img alt="" src="" class="" srcset="" data-file-width="" data-file-height="" width="" height=""></a> <div class=""> <div class=""><a href="" class="" title=""></a></div> <a href="" title="">Opala volcano</a> in the southern part of Kamchatka.</div> </div> </div> <p>There is considerable variation, however, between the rain-drenched and heavily glaciated east coast and the drier and more continental interior valley. In the heavily glaciated <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kronotsky_Peninsula&action=edit&redlink=1" class="" title="">Kronotsky Peninsula</a>, where maritime influences are most pronounced, annual precipitation can reach as high as 2,500 millimetres (98 in), whilst the southeast coast south of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky generally receives around 1,166 millimetres (45.9 in) of rainfall equivalent per year. Considerable local variations exist: southern parts of the Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky metropolitan area can receive as much as 430 millimetres (17 in) more than the northern part of the city. Temperatures here are very mild, with summer maxima around 16 °C (61 °F) and winter lows around −8 °C (18 °F), whilst diurnal temperature ranges seldom exceed 5˚C (9˚F) due to persistent <a href="" title="">fog</a> on exposed parts of the coast. South of 57˚N there is no <a href="" title="">permafrost</a> due to the relatively mild winters and heavy snow cover, whilst northward <a href="" class="" title="">discontinuous permafrost</a> prevails. The west coastal plain has colder and drier climate with precipitation ranging from 880 millimetres (35 in) in the south to as little as 430 millimetres (17 in) in the north, where winter temperatures become considerably colder at around −20 °C (−4 °F).</p> <table class="" style="" cellspacing="" cellpadding=""> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="" title="">Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky</a></th> </tr> <tr> <th style="">Climate chart (<a href="" title="">explanation</a>)</th> </tr> <tr> <td> <table class="" style="" cellspacing="" cellpadding=""> <tbody><tr> <td>J</td> <td>F</td> <td>M</td> <td>A</td> <td>M</td> <td>J</td> <td>J</td> <td>A</td> <td>S</td> <td>O</td> <td>N</td> <td>D</td> </tr> <tr> <td> <div style=""> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""><span style="">118</span></div> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""><span style="">−5</span></div> <div style=""><span style="">−10</span></div> </div> </td> <td> <div style=""> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""><span style="">80</span></div> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""><span style="">−5</span></div> <div style=""><span style="">−9</span></div> </div> </td> <td> <div style=""> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""><span style="">84</span></div> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""><span style="">−2</span></div> <div style=""><span style="">−7</span></div> </div> </td> <td> <div style=""> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""><span style="">90</span></div> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""><span style="">2</span></div> <div style=""><span style="">−3</span></div> </div> </td> <td> <div style=""> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""><span style="">64</span></div> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""><span style="">7</span></div> <div style=""><span style="">1</span></div> </div> </td> <td> <div style=""> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""><span style="">53</span></div> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""><span style="">12</span></div> <div style=""><span style="">6</span></div> </div> </td> <td> <div style=""> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""><span style="">62</span></div> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""><span style="">15</span></div> <div style=""><span style="">9</span></div> </div> </td> <td> <div style=""> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""><span style="">91</span></div> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""><span style="">16</span></div> <div style=""><span style="">10</span></div> </div> </td> <td> <div style=""> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""><span style="">111</span></div> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""><span style="">13</span></div> <div style=""><span style="">7</span></div> </div> </td> <td> <div style=""> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""><span style="">174</span></div> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""><span style="">8</span></div> <div style=""><span style="">3</span></div> </div> </td> <td> <div style=""> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""><span style="">130</span></div> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""><span style="">1</span></div> <div style=""><span style="">−3</span></div> </div> </td> <td> <div style=""> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""><span style="">109</span></div> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""><span style="">−4</span></div> <div style=""><span style="">−8</span></div> </div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="" style="">Average max. and min. temperatures in °C</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="" style="">Precipitation totals in mm</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="" style=""><i>Source: <sup id="" class=""><a href="">[4]</a></sup></i></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <table class="" style="" id="" cellspacing="" cellpadding=""> <tbody><tr> <th colspan=""><span class="">[<a id="" href="">show</a>]</span>Imperial conversion</th> </tr> <tr style=""> <td>J</td> <td>F</td> <td>M</td> <td>A</td> <td>M</td> <td>J</td> <td>J</td> <td>A</td> <td>S</td> <td>O</td> <td>N</td> <td>D</td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td> <div style=""> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""><span style="">4.6</span></div> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""><span style="">23</span></div> <div style=""><span style="">14</span></div> </div> </td> <td> <div style=""> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""><span style="">3.1</span></div> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""><span style="">24</span></div> <div style=""><span style="">15</span></div> </div> </td> <td> <div style=""> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""><span style="">3.3</span></div> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""><span style="">29</span></div> <div style=""><span style="">19</span></div> </div> </td> <td> <div style=""> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""><span style="">3.5</span></div> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""><span style="">36</span></div> <div style=""><span style="">27</span></div> </div> </td> <td> <div style=""> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""><span style="">2.5</span></div> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""><span style="">44</span></div> <div style=""><span style="">34</span></div> </div> </td> <td> <div style=""> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""><span style="">2.1</span></div> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""><span style="">53</span></div> <div style=""><span style="">42</span></div> </div> </td> <td> <div style=""> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""><span style="">2.4</span></div> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""><span style="">59</span></div> <div style=""><span style="">49</span></div> </div> </td> <td> <div style=""> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""><span style="">3.6</span></div> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""><span style="">61</span></div> <div style=""><span style="">50</span></div> </div> </td> <td> <div style=""> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""><span style="">4.4</span></div> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""><span style="">56</span></div> <div style=""><span style="">45</span></div> </div> </td> <td> <div style=""> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""><span style="">6.9</span></div> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""><span style="">46</span></div> <div style=""><span style="">37</span></div> </div> </td> <td> <div style=""> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""><span style="">5.1</span></div> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""><span style="">34</span></div> <div style=""><span style="">26</span></div> </div> </td> <td> <div style=""> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""><span style="">4.3</span></div> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""><span style="">26</span></div> <div style=""><span style="">18</span></div> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td colspan="" style="">Average max. and min. temperatures in °F</td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td colspan="" style="">Precipitation totals in inches</td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <table class="" style="" cellspacing="" cellpadding=""> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="" title="">Klyuchi</a></th> </tr> <tr> <th style="">Climate chart (<a href="" title="">explanation</a>)</th> </tr> <tr> <td> <table class="" style="" cellspacing="" cellpadding=""> <tbody><tr> <td>J</td> <td>F</td> <td>M</td> <td>A</td> <td>M</td> <td>J</td> <td>J</td> <td>A</td> <td>S</td> <td>O</td> <td>N</td> <td>D</td> </tr> <tr> <td> <div style=""> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""><span style="">80</span></div> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""><span style="">−12</span></div> <div style=""><span style="">−19</span></div> </div> </td> <td> <div style=""> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""><span style="">43</span></div> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""><span style="">−10</span></div> <div style=""><span style="">−17</span></div> </div> </td> <td> <div style=""> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""><span style="">41</span></div> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""><span style="">−4</span></div> <div style=""><span style="">−14</span></div> </div> </td> <td> <div style=""> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""><span style="">32</span></div> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""><span style="">2</span></div> <div style=""><span style="">−6</span></div> </div> </td> <td> <div style=""> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""><span style="">61</span></div> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""><span style="">9</span></div> <div style=""><span style="">1</span></div> </div> </td> <td> <div style=""> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""><span style="">40</span></div> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""><span style="">16</span></div> <div style=""><span style="">6</span></div> </div> </td> <td> <div style=""> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""><span style="">67</span></div> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""><span style="">19</span></div> <div style=""><span style="">10</span></div> </div> </td> <td> <div style=""> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""><span style="">78</span></div> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""><span style="">18</span></div> <div style=""><span style="">9</span></div> </div> </td> <td> <div style=""> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""><span style="">63</span></div> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""><span style="">13</span></div> <div style=""><span style="">4</span></div> </div> </td> <td> <div style=""> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""><span style="">63</span></div> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""><span style="">6</span></div> <div style=""><span style="">−2</span></div> </div> </td> <td> <div style=""> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""><span style="">43</span></div> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""><span style="">−5</span></div> <div style=""><span style="">−11</span></div> </div> </td> <td> <div style=""> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""><span style="">75</span></div> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""><span style="">−11</span></div> <div style=""><span style="">−17</span></div> </div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="" style="">Average max. and min. temperatures in °C</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="" style="">Precipitation totals in mm</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="" style=""><i>Source: <sup id="" class=""><a href="">[5]</a></sup></i></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <table class="" style="" id="" cellspacing="" cellpadding=""> <tbody><tr> <th colspan=""><span class="">[<a id="" href="">show</a>]</span>Imperial conversion</th> </tr> <tr style=""> <td>J</td> <td>F</td> <td>M</td> <td>A</td> <td>M</td> <td>J</td> <td>J</td> <td>A</td> <td>S</td> <td>O</td> <td>N</td> <td>D</td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td> <div style=""> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""><span style="">3.1</span></div> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""><span style="">10</span></div> <div style=""><span style="">−2</span></div> </div> </td> <td> <div style=""> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""><span style="">1.7</span></div> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""><span style="">14</span></div> <div style=""><span style="">1</span></div> </div> </td> <td> <div style=""> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""><span style="">1.6</span></div> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""><span style="">25</span></div> <div style=""><span style="">7</span></div> </div> </td> <td> <div style=""> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""><span style="">1.3</span></div> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""><span style="">36</span></div> <div style=""><span style="">21</span></div> </div> </td> <td> <div style=""> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""><span style="">2.4</span></div> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""><span style="">48</span></div> <div style=""><span style="">34</span></div> </div> </td> <td> <div style=""> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""><span style="">1.6</span></div> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""><span style="">61</span></div> <div style=""><span style="">43</span></div> </div> </td> <td> <div style=""> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""><span style="">2.6</span></div> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""><span style="">66</span></div> <div style=""><span style="">50</span></div> </div> </td> <td> <div style=""> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""><span style="">3.1</span></div> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""><span style="">64</span></div> <div style=""><span style="">48</span></div> </div> </td> <td> <div style=""> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""><span style="">2.5</span></div> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""><span style="">55</span></div> <div style=""><span style="">39</span></div> </div> </td> <td> <div style=""> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""><span style="">2.5</span></div> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""><span style="">43</span></div> <div style=""><span style="">28</span></div> </div> </td> <td> <div style=""> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""><span style="">1.7</span></div> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""><span style="">23</span></div> <div style=""><span style="">12</span></div> </div> </td> <td> <div style=""> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""><span style="">3</span></div> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""> </div> <div style=""><span style="">12</span></div> <div style=""><span style="">1</span></div> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td colspan="" style="">Average max. and min. temperatures in °F</td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td colspan="" style="">Precipitation totals in inches</td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p>The interior valley of the <a href="" title="">Kamchatka River</a>, represented by Klyuchi, has much lower precipitation (at around 450 to 650 millimetres (18 to 26 in)) and significantly more continental temperatures, reaching 19 °C (66 °F) on a typical summer day and during extreme cold winter spells falling as low as −41 °C (−42 °F). <a href="" class="" title="">Sporadic permafrost</a> prevails over the lower part of this valley, but it becomes more widespread at higher altitudes and glaciers, and continuous permafrost prevails north of 55˚N.</p> <p>The summer months, when maximum temperatures range from 15 to 20 °C (59 to 68 °F), are popular with tourists, but a growing trend in winter sports keeps tourism pulsing year-round. The volcanoes and glaciers play a role in forming Kamchatka's climate, and hot springs have kept alive dozens of species decimated during the <a href="" title="">last ice-age</a>.<sup id="" class=""><a href="">[6]</a></sup></p> <h3><span class="" id="">Geology, earthquakes and volcanoes</span><span class=""><span class="">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamchatka_Peninsula&action=edit&section=3" title="">edit</a><span class="">]</span></span></h3> <div class=""> <div class="" style=""><a href="" class=""><img alt="" src="" class="" srcset="" data-file-width="" data-file-height="" width="" height=""></a> <div class=""> <div class=""><a href="" class="" title=""></a></div> The lake-filled <a href="" class="" title="">Akademia Nauk</a> caldera, seen here from the north with <a href="" title="">Karymsky</a> volcano in the foreground.</div> </div> </div> <table class="" style=""> <caption class="" style=""><a href="" title="">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a></caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="" class="" style="">Volcanoes of Kamchatka</th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="" style=""><a rel="" class="" href="">Name as inscribed on the World Heritage List</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="" style=""><a href="" class=""><img alt="" src="" srcset="" data-file-width="" data-file-height="" width="" height=""></a> <div> <div style="">Koryaksky Volcano rising above Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy</div> <hr></div> </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="" style=""><a href="" title="">Location</a></th> <td><a href="" title="">Russia</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="" style="">Type</th> <td class="">Natural</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="" style=""><a href="" title="">Criteria</a></th> <td class="">vii, viii, ix, x</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="" style="">Reference</th> <td><a rel="" class="" href="">765</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="" style=""><span style=""><a rel="" class="" href="http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/?search=&search_by_country=&type=&media=&region=&order=region">UNESCO region</a></span></th> <td class=""><a href="" class="" title="">Asia</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="" style="">Inscription history</th> </tr> <tr> <th scope="" style="">Inscription</th> <td>1996 <small>(20th <a href="" title="">Session</a>)</small></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="" style="">Extensions</th> <td>2001</td> </tr> </tbody></table> <div role="" class="">Main article: <a href="" title="">Volcanoes of Kamchatka</a></div> <p>The <a href="" title="">Kamchatka River</a> and the surrounding central side valley are flanked by large <a href="" title="">volcanic belts</a> containing around 160 <a href="" title="">volcanoes</a>, 29 of them still active. The peninsula has a high density of volcanoes and associated volcanic phenomena, with 19 active volcanoes included in the six <a href="" title="">UNESCO</a> <a href="" class="" title="">World Heritage List</a> sites in the Volcanoes of Kamchatka group, most of them on the Kamchatka Peninsula, the most volcanic area of the Eurasian continent, with many active cones. The Kamchatka Peninsula is also known as the "land of fire and ice".<sup id="" class=""><a href="">[7]</a></sup></p> <p>The highest volcano is <a href="" title="">Klyuchevskaya Sopka</a> (4,750 m or 15,584 ft), the largest active volcano in the Northern Hemisphere,<sup id="" class=""><a href="">[8]</a></sup> while the most striking is <a href="" title="">Kronotsky</a>: volcanologists Robert and Barbara Decker regard its perfect cone as a prime candidate for the world's most beautiful volcano.<sup class="" style="">[<i><a href="" title=""><span title="">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Somewhat more accessible are the three volcanoes visible from <a href="" title="">Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky</a>: <a href="" title="">Koryaksky</a>, <a href="" title="">Avachinsky</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kozelsky_(volcano)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="" title="">Kozelsky</a>. In the center of Kamchatka is Eurasia's world-famous<sup class="" style="">[<i><a href="" class="" title=""><span title="">weasel words</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="" class="" title="">Geyser Valley</a> which was partly destroyed by a massive mudslide in June 2007.<sup id="" class=""><a href="">[9]</a></sup></p> <p>Owing to the <a href="" class="" title="">Kuril-Kamchatka Trench</a>, deep-focus seismic events and tsunamis occur fairly commonly. A pair of <a href="" title="">megathrust earthquakes</a> <a href="" title="">occurred off the coast</a> on October 16, 1737, and on November 4, 1952, with magnitudes of ~9.3 and 8.2 respectively.<sup id="" class=""><a href="">[10]</a></sup> <a href="" title="">A chain of more shallow earthquakes</a> were recorded as recently as April 2006.<sup id="" class=""><a href="">[11]</a></sup></p> <p>These volcanic features are the site of occurrence of certain <a href="" title="">extremophile</a> micro-organisms that can survive in extremely hot environments.<sup id="" class=""><a href="">[12]</a></sup></p> <h2><span class="" id="">History and exploration</span><span class=""><span class="">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamchatka_Peninsula&action=edit&section=4" title="">edit</a><span class="">]</span></span></h2> <div class=""> <div class="" style=""><a href="" class=""><img alt="" src="" class="" srcset="" data-file-width="" data-file-height="" width="" height=""></a> <div class=""> <div class=""><a href="" class="" title=""></a></div> Illustration from <a href="" title="">Stepan Krasheninnikov</a>'s <i>Account of the Land of Kamchatka</i> (1755)</div> </div> </div> <div class=""> <div class="" style=""><a href="" class=""><img alt="" src="" class="" srcset="" data-file-width="" data-file-height="" width="" height=""></a> <div class=""> <div class=""><a href="" class="" title=""></a></div> <a href="" title="">Three Brothers</a> rocks in the Avacha Bay</div> </div> </div> <div role="" class="">See also: <a href="" class="" title="">Russian explorers</a></div> <p>When the Russian explorer <a href="" title="">Ivan Moskvitin</a> reached the <a href="" title="">Sea of Okhotsk</a> in 1639, further exploration was impeded by the lack of skills and equipment to build seagoing ships and by the harsh land to the northeast inhabited by the warlike <a href="" title="">Koryak</a> people. Consequently, Russians entered Kamchatka from the north. In 1651, after having assisted in the foundation of the <a href="" title="">Anadyrsk</a> <a href="" title=""><i>ostrog</i></a>, the explorer <a href="" title="">Mikhail Stadukhin</a> went south and followed the coast of the Sea of Okhotsk from <a href="" title="">Penzhina Bay</a> to <a href="" title="">Okhotsk</a>. From about 1667 there were reports of a Kamchatka River to the south. Some time before 1700 <a href="" class="" title="">a group of Russians</a> were stranded and died on Kamchatka.</p> <p>In 1695 explorer <a href="" title="">Vladimir Atlasov</a> became commander of Anadyrsk. In 1696 he sent the Cossack <a href="" class="" title="">Luka Morozko</a> south. Morozko got as far as the <a href="" title="">Tigil River</a> and returned with reports and some mysterious writings, probably Japanese. In 1697–1699 Atlasov explored nearly the whole of the peninsula. He built an <i>ostrog</i> at Verkhny-Kamchatsk, rescued or captured <a href="" title="">a Japanese castaway</a>, and went to Moscow to report. In 1699 the Russians at Verkhny-Kamchatsk were killed on their way back to Anadyrsk by the Koryaks. In 1700 a punitive expedition destroyed a Koryak village and founded Nizhne-Kamchatsk on the lower river. Bolskeretsk was founded in 1703. From about 1705 there was a breakdown of order. There were numerous mutinies and native wars all over the peninsula and north to the Koryak country of the <a href="" title="">Penzhina River</a> and <a href="" title="">Olyutorsky Gulf</a>. Several people were sent out to restore order, including Atlasov, who was murdered in 1711. Vasily Merlin restored some degree of order between 1733 and 1739. There was no significant resistance after 1756. A major smallpox epidemic that hit in 1768–1769 quickly decimated the native population; the roughly 2,500 <a href="" title="">Itelmens</a> present in 1773 were reduced to 1,900 in 1820, from an original population of 12,000–25,000. Those who survived adopted Russian customs, and there was a great deal of intermarriage, such that "Kamchadal" (the original Russian name for the Itelmens) came to mean any Russian or part-Russian born on the peninsula.</p> <p>In 1713 Peter the Great sent shipbuilders to Okhotsk. A fifty-four-foot boat was built and sailed to the Tegil River in June 1716. This one-week journey, later redirected to Okhotsk-Bolseretsk, became the standard route to Kamchatka. In 1720 <a href="" title="">Ivan Yevreinov</a> mapped Kamchatka and the Kurils. The Danish-born explorer <a href="" title="">Vitus Bering</a> left Nezhe-Kamchatsk for his first voyage in 1728 and, as part of his second voyage, founded <a href="" title="">Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky</a> in 1740.</p> <div class=""> <div class="" style=""><a href="" class=""><img alt="" src="" class="" srcset="" data-file-width="" data-file-height="" width="" height=""></a> <div class=""> <div class=""><a href="" class="" title=""></a></div> Temple of the Sacred Trinity in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky</div> </div> </div> <p>Vitus Bering's <a href="" title="">Second Kamchatka Expedition</a> (ca 1733-1743), in the service of the <a href="" title="">Russian Navy</a>, began the final "opening" of Kamchatka, helped by the fact that the government began to use the area to exile people, famously the Slovak explorer and rebel the <a href="" class="" title="">Count de Benyovszky</a> in 1770. In 1755 <a href="" title="">Stepan Krasheninnikov</a> published the first detailed description of the peninsula, <i>An Account of the Land of Kamchatka</i>. The Russian government encouraged the commercial activities of the <a href="" title="">Russian-American Company</a> by granting land to newcomers on the peninsula. By 1812 the <a href="" title="">indigenous</a> population had fallen to less than 3,200 while the Russian population had risen to 2,500.</p> <p>In 1854 the <a href="" title="">French</a> and <a href="" title="">British</a>, who were battling Russian forces in the course of the <a href="" title="">Crimean War</a>, attacked <a href="" title="">Petropavlovsk</a>. During the <a href="" title="">Siege of Petropavlovsk</a>, 988 men with a mere 68 guns managed to defend the outpost against 6 ships with 206 guns and 2,540 French and British soldiers. Despite the heroic defense, the Russians abandoned Petropavlovsk as a strategic liability after the French and British forces withdrew. The next year, when a second enemy force came to attack the port, they found it deserted. Frustrated, the ships bombarded the city and withdrew.</p> <p>On 24 May 1861, the ship <i>Polar Star</i> (475 tons), of <a href="" title="">New Bedford</a>, wrecked on the west coast of Kamchatka during a dense <a href="" title="">fog</a> and <a href="" title="">gale</a>. The chief officer and a boat's crew perished while attempting to reach the shore. The rest of the crew were saved by the <a href="" title="">barque</a> <i>Alice</i>, of <a href="" title="">Cold Spring</a>, and the ship <i>Oliver Crocker</i>, also from New Bedford.<sup id="" class=""><a href="">[13]</a></sup><sup id="" class=""><a href="">[14]</a></sup></p> <p>On May 21, 1865, the <a href="" title="">American Civil War</a> came to the area: the <a href="" title="">Confederate States Navy</a> steamer <a href="" title=""><i>Shenandoah</i></a> sailed past the southern end of the Kamchatka Peninsula on its way to hunt United States whaling ships in the Sea of Okhotsk. As a <a href="" class="" title="">commerce raider</a>, the CSS <i>Shenandoah</i> aimed to destroy Yankee merchant shipping and thus draw off United States Navy ships in pursuit and thereby loosen the US Navy blockade of Confederate coasts. The ship spent almost three weeks in the Sea, destroying only one ship because of the dangerous ice, before moving on to the North Pacific where it virtually captured or bonded 24 whalers and sinking most of them.<sup class="" style="">[<i><a href="" title=""><span title="">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p> <p>The next fifty years were lean ones for Kamchatka. The naval port moved to Ust-Amur, and in 1867 Russia <a href="" title="">sold</a> <a href="" title="">Alaska</a> to the <a href="" title="">United States</a>, making Petropavlovsk obsolete as a transit point for traders and explorers on their way to the American territories. In 1860, a <i>Primorsky</i> (Maritime) <i>Region</i> was established<sup class="" style="">[<i><a href="" title=""><span title="">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and Kamchatka was placed under its jurisdiction. In 1875 Russia ceded the <a href="" title="">Kuril Islands</a> to <a href="" title="">Japan</a> in return for Russian sovereignty over <a href="" title="">Sakhalin</a> island. The Russian population of Kamchatka stayed at around 2,500 until the turn of the century, while the native population increased to 5,000. During the 19th century, scientific exploration of the peninsula continued, with <a href="" title="">Karl von Ditmar</a> making an important journey there in 1851–1854.<sup id="" class=""><a href="">[15]</a></sup></p> <p><a href="" title="">World War II</a> (1939–1945) hardly affected Kamchatka except for its role as a launch site for <a href="" class="" title="">the invasion of the Kurils</a> in August 1945. After the war the Soviet authorities declared Kamchatka a military zone: it remained <a href="" title="">closed</a> to Soviet citizens until 1989 and to foreigners until 1990.</p> <h2><span class="" id="">Terrestrial flora</span><span class=""><span class="">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamchatka_Peninsula&action=edit&section=5" title="">edit</a><span class="">]</span></span></h2> <p>Kamchatka boasts abundant flora. The variable climate promotes different flora zones where <a href="" title="">tundra</a> and <a href="" title="">muskeg</a> are dominant succeeded by grasses, flowering shrubs and forests of <a href="" title="">pine</a>, <a href="" title="">birch</a>, <a href="" title="">alder</a> and <a href="" title="">willow</a>. The wide variety of plant forms spread throughout the Peninsula promotes just as wide a variation in animal species that feed off them. Although Kamchatka is mostly tundra, deciduous and coniferous trees are abundant and forests can be found throughout the peninsula.</p> <h2><span class="" id="">Terrestrial and aquatic fauna</span><span class=""><span class="">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamchatka_Peninsula&action=edit&section=6" title="">edit</a><span class="">]</span></span></h2> <div class=""> <div class="" style=""><a href="" class=""><img alt="" src="" class="" srcset="" data-file-width="" data-file-height="" width="" height=""></a> <div class=""> <div class=""><a href="" class="" title=""></a></div> A <a href="" title="">Kamchatka brown bear</a> in the spring</div> </div> </div> <div class=""> <div class="" style=""><a href="" class=""><img alt="" src="" class="" sr
857
« on: January 16, 2017, 12:35:00 AM »
the autists are taking over
last warning
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this goes up to over 400,000 so i quit
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back to top  From 5,001 to 6,000
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back to top From 1,001 to 2,000
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« on: January 16, 2017, 12:22:34 AM »
Don't make me hunt down the largest wall of text.
List of named minor planets (numerical) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia For the alphabetically ordered list, see List of named minor planets (alphabetical). This is a list of named minor planets in numerical order. It contains a total of 20,364 entries. Minor planets for which no article exist are displayed with a grey color in italics and redirect to the list of minor planets (see ‹See Tfd›List of minor planets § Main index). [1] Contents - 1 From 1 to 1,000
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« on: January 16, 2017, 12:06:51 AM »
Kamchatka Peninsula
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
"Kamchatka" redirects here. For other uses, see Kamchatka (disambiguation).Kamchatka Peninsula[/color][/font][/size] полуо́стров Камча́тка[/color][/size] |
Kamchatka Peninsula in the far east of Russia. The pink area is the Kamchatka Krai which includes some of the mainland to the north.
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Location[/t]Far East[/size][/font][/size]Coordinates[/t]57°N 160°E[/size][/size][/font][/size]Area[/t]270,000 km2 (100,000 sq mi)[/size][/font][/size]Highest elevation[/t]4,750 m (15,580 ft)[/size][/font][/size]Highest point[/t]Klyuchevskaya Sopka[/size][/font][/size]
Russia[/b][/size][/font][/size] |
Federal subject[/t]Kamchatka Krai[/size][/font][/size]Capital and largest city[/t]Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky[/size][/font][/size]Population[/t]322,079[/size]The Kamchatka Peninsula ([/color]Russian: полуо́стров Камча́тка, Poluostrov Kamchatka) is a 1,250-kilometre-long (780 mi) peninsula in the Russian Far East, with an area of about 270,000 km2 (100,000 sq mi).[/color][1] It lies between the [/color]Pacific Ocean to the east and the Sea of Okhotsk to the west.[/color][2] Immediately offshore along the Pacific coast of the peninsula runs the 10,500-metre (34,400-ft) deep [/color]Kuril–Kamchatka Trench.
The Kamchatka Peninsula, the Commander Islands, and Karaginsky Island constitute the Kamchatka Krai of the Russian Federation. The vast majority of the 322,079 inhabitants are ethnic Russians, but there are also about 13,000 Koryaks (2014).[/color][3] More than half of the population lives in [/color]Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky (179,526 people in 2010) and nearby Yelizovo (38,980).
The Kamchatka peninsula contains the volcanoes of Kamchatka, a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Kamchatka receives up to 2,700 mm (110 in) of precipitation per year. The summers are moderately cool, and the winters tend to be rather stormy though rarely producing lightning.
Contents [[/color]hide] [/color][/font][/size]- 1Geography[/color][/font][/size]
- 1.1Climate[/color][/font][/size]
- 1.2Geology, earthquakes and volcanoes[/color][/font][/size]
[/li][/list]- 2History and exploration[/color][/font][/size]
- 3Terrestrial flora[/color][/font][/size]
- 4Terrestrial and aquatic fauna[/color][/font][/size]
- 5See also[/color][/font][/size]
- 6References[/color][/font][/size]
- 7Further reading[/color][/font][/size]
- 8External links[/color][/font][/size]
[/list] |
| Geography[edit][/color][/font]
[/color]Topography of the Kamchatka Peninsula
Views of Kamchatka from space in early summer (left) and late winter (right). Note the sea ice paralleling the coastline.Politically, the peninsula forms part of Kamchatka Krai. The southern tip is called Cape Lopatka. The circular bay to the north of this on the Pacific side is Avacha Bay with the capital, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky. North up the Pacific side, the four peninsulas are called Shipunsky Point, Kronotsky Point, Kamchatsky Point and Ozernoy Point. North of Ozernoy is the large Karaginsky Bay, which features Karaginsky Island. Northeast of this (off the displayed map) lies Korfa Bay with the town of Tilichiki. On the opposite side is the Shelikhov Gulf.
The Kamchatka or Central (Sredinny) Range forms the spine of the peninsula. Along the southeast coast runs the Vostochny or Eastern Range. Between these lies the central valley. The Kamchatka River rises northwest of Avacha and flows north down the central valley, turning east near Klyuchi to enter the Pacific south of Kamchatsky Point at Ust-Kamchatsk. In the nineteenth century a trail led west from near Klychi over the mountains to the Tegil river and town which was the main trading post on the west coast. North of Tegil is Koryak Okrug. South of the Tegil is the Icha River. Just south of the headwaters of the Kamchatka, the Bistraya River curves southwest to enter the Sea of Okhotsk at Bolsheretsk, which once served as a port connecting the peninsula to Okhotsk. South of the Bistraya flows the Golygina River.
There is a road from Bolsheretsk to Petropavlovsk and another from this road up the central valley (with a bus service) to Ust-Kamchatsk. The northern end of the road is of poorer quality. Apart from the two roads, transport is by small plane, helicopter, four-wheel drive truck and army truck.
The obvious circular area in the central valley is the Klyuchevskaya Sopka, an isolated volcanic group southeast of the curve of the Kamchatka River. West of Kronotsky Point is theKronotsky Biosphere Reserve with the Valley of Geysers. At the southern tip is the Southern Kamchatka Wildlife Refuge with Kurile Lake. There are several other protected areas: Palana is located in the Koryak area on the northwest coast.[/size]Climate[edit][/size]Although Kamchatka lies at similar latitudes to Great Britain, cold arctic winds from Siberia combined with the cold Oyashio sea current see the peninsula covered in snow from October to late May. Under the Köppen climate classification Kamchatka generally has a subarctic climate (Dfc) but higher and more northerly areas have a polar climate (ET). Kamchatka is much wetter and milder than eastern Siberia, and is essentially transitional from the hypercontinental climate of Siberia and northeast China to the rain-drenched subpolar oceanic climate of the Aleutian Islands.
Opala volcano in the southern part of Kamchatka.There is considerable variation, however, between the rain-drenched and heavily glaciated east coast and the drier and more continental interior valley. In the heavily glaciated Kronotsky Peninsula, where maritime influences are most pronounced, annual precipitation can reach as high as 2,500 millimetres (98 in), whilst the southeast coast south of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky generally receives around 1,350 millimetres (53 in) of rainfall equivalent per year. Considerable local variations exist: southern parts of the Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky metropolitan area can receive as much as 430 millimetres (17 in) more than the northern part of the city. Temperatures here are very mild, with summer maxima no higher than 15 °C (59 °F) and winter lows around −8 °C (18 °F), whilst diurnal temperature ranges seldom exceed 5˚C (9˚F) due to persistent fog on exposed parts of the coast. South of 57˚N there is no permafrost due to the relatively mild winters and heavy snow cover, whilst northward discontinuous permafrost prevails. The west coastal plain has a similar climate, though rather drier with precipitation ranging from 880 millimetres (35 in) in the south to as little as 430 millimetres (17 in) in the north, where winter temperatures become considerably colder at around −20 °C (−4 °F).[/size][/size][/size][/color][/size]
69
−6−11
59
−5−10
52
−3−8
53
0−3
49
61
57
115
75
149
99
1510
100
126
133
72
81
0−4
98
−4−8 |
| Average max. and min. temperatures in °C[/size][/size][/color][/size] |
| Precipitation totals in mm[/size][/size][/color][/size] |
| Source: [4][/i][/size][/size][/color][/size] |
[/t] |
[/color][/size] | [show]Imperial conversion[/size][/size][/color][/size][/t] |
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[/color][/size]
80
−12−19
43
−10−17
41
−4−14
32
2−6
61
91
40
166
67
1910
78
189
63
134
63
6−2
43
−5−11
75
−11−17 |
| Average max. and min. temperatures in °C[/size][/size][/color][/size] |
| Precipitation totals in mm[/size][/size][/color][/size] |
| Source: [5][/i][/size][/size][/color][/size] |
[/t] |
[/color][/size] | [show]Imperial conversion[/size][/size][/color][/size][/t] |
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The interior valley of the Kamchatka River, represented by Klyuchi, has much lower precipitation (at around 450 to 650 millimetres (18 to 26 in)) and significantly more continental temperatures, reaching 19 °C (66 °F) on a typical summer day and during extreme cold winter spells falling as low as −41 °C (−42 °F). Sporadic permafrost prevails over the lower part of this valley, but it becomes more widespread at higher altitudes and glaciers, and continuous permafrost prevails north of 55˚N.
The summer months, when maximum temperatures range from 15 to 20 °C (59 to 68 °F), are popular with tourists, but a growing trend in winter sports keeps tourism pulsing year-round. The volcanoes and glaciers play a role in forming Kamchatka's climate, and hot springs have kept alive dozens of species decimated during the last ice-age.[/color][6]Geology, earthquakes and volcanoes[/color][edit]
[/color]The lake-filled Akademia Naukcaldera, seen here from the north withKarymsky volcano in the foreground.[/color]UNESCO World Heritage Site[/size][/size][/color][/size]Volcanoes of Kamchatka[/color][/size] |
Koryaksky Volcano rising above Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy[/t][/c][/size][/color][/size] Type[/t]Natural[/size]Criteria[/t]vii, viii, ix, x[/size]Reference[/t]765[/size][size=0px]UNESCO region[/t][/color]Asia[/size][/color][/size]Inscription history[/t][/color][/size]Inscription[/t]1996 (20th Session)[/size]Extensions[/t]2001
Main article: Volcanoes of KamchatkaThe Kamchatka River and the surrounding central side valley are flanked by large volcanic belts containing around 160 volcanoes, 29 of them still active. The peninsula has a high density of volcanoes and associated volcanic phenomena, with 19 active volcanoes included in the six UNESCO World Heritage List sites in the Volcanoes of Kamchatka group, most of them on the Kamchatka Peninsula, the most volcanic area of the Eurasian continent, with many active cones. The Kamchatka Peninsula is also known as the "land of fire and ice".[7][/size]
The highest volcano is Klyuchevskaya Sopka (4,750 m or 15,584 ft), the largest active volcano in the Northern Hemisphere,[/size][8][/size] while the most striking is Kronotsky: volcanologists Robert and Barbara Decker regard its perfect cone as a prime candidate for the world's most beautiful volcano.[/size][citation needed[/i]][/size] Somewhat more accessible are the three volcanoes visible from Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky: Koryaksky, Avachinsky, and Kozelsky. In the center of Kamchatka is Eurasia's world-famous[/size][weasel words[/i]][/size] Geyser Valley which was partly destroyed by a massive mudslide in June 2007.[/size][9][/size]
Owing to the Kuril-Kamchatka Trench, deep-focus seismic events and tsunamis occur fairly commonly. A pair of megathrust earthquakes occurred off the coast on October 16, 1737, and on November 4, 1952, with magnitudes of ~9.3 and 8.2 respectively.[/size][10][/size] A chain of more shallow earthquakes were recorded as recently as April 2006.[/size][11][/size]
These volcanic features are the site of occurrence of certain extremophile micro-organisms that can survive in extremely hot environments.[/size][12][/size]History and exploration[edit][/font][/size][/font]
Illustration from Stepan Krasheninnikov's Account of the Land of Kamchatka (1755)
Three Brothers rocks in the Avacha Bay
See also: Russian explorersWhen the Russian explorer Ivan Moskvitin reached the Sea of Okhotsk in 1639, further exploration was impeded by the lack of skills and equipment to build sea-going ships and by the harsh land to the northeast inhabited by the warlike Koryak people. Consequently, Russians entered Kamchatka from the north. In 1651, after having assisted in the foundation of the Anadyrsk ostrog, the explorer Mikhail Stadukhin went south and followed the coast of the Sea of Okhotsk from Penzhina Bay to Okhotsk. From about 1667 there were reports of a Kamchatka River to the south. Some time before 1700 a group of Russians were stranded and died on Kamchatka.
In 1695 explorer Vladimir Atlasov became commander of Anadyrsk. In 1696 he sent the Cossack Luka Morozko south. Morozko got as far as the Tigil River and returned with reports and some mysterious writings, probably Japanese. In 1697–1699 Atlasov explored nearly the whole of the peninsula. He built an ostrog at Verkhny-Kamchatsk, rescued or captured a Japanese castaway, and went to Moscow to report. In 1699 the Russians at Verkhny-Kamchatsk were killed on their way back to Anadyrsk by the Koryaks. In 1700 a punitive expedition destroyed a Koryak village and founded Nizhne-Kamchatsk on the lower river. Bolskeretsk was founded in 1703. From about 1705 there was a breakdown of order. There were numerous mutinies and native wars all over the peninsula and north to the Koryak country of the Penzhina River and Olyutorsky Gulf. Several people were sent out to restore order, including Atlasov, who was murdered in 1711. Vasily Merlin restored some degree of order between 1733 and 1739. There was no significant resistance after 1756. A major smallpox epidemic that hit in 1768–1769 quickly decimated the native population; the roughly 2,500 Itelmens present in 1773 were reduced to 1,900 in 1820, from an original population of 12,000–25,000. Those who survived adopted Russian customs, and there was a great deal of intermarriage, such that "Kamchadal" (the original Russian name for the Itelmens) came to mean any Russian or part-Russian born on the peninsula.
In 1713 Peter the Great sent shipbuilders to Okhotsk. A fifty-four-foot boat was built and sailed to the Tegil River in June 1716. This one-week journey, later redirected to Okhotsk-Bolseretsk, became the standard route to Kamchatka. In 1720 Ivan Yevreinov mapped Kamchatka and the Kurils. The Danish-born explorer Vitus Bering left Nezhe-Kamchatsk for his first voyage in 1728 and, as part of his second voyage, foundedPetropavlovsk-Kamchatsky in 1740.
Temple of the Sacred Trinity in Petropavlovsk-KamchatskyVitus Bering's Second Kamchatka Expedition (ca 1733-1743), in the service of the Russian Navy, began the final "opening" of Kamchatka, helped by the fact that the government began to use the area to exile people, famously the Slovak explorer and rebel the Count de Benyovszky in 1770. In 1755 Stepan Krasheninnikov published the first detailed description of the peninsula, An Account of the Land of Kamchatka. The Russian government encouraged the commercial activities of the Russian-American Company by granting land to newcomers on the peninsula. By 1812 the indigenous population had fallen to less than 3,200 while the Russian population had risen to 2,500.
In 1854 the French and British, who were battling Russian forces in the course of the Crimean War, attacked Petropavlovsk. During the Siege of Petropavlovsk, 988 men with a mere 68 guns managed to defend the outpost against 6 ships with 206 guns and 2,540 French and British soldiers. Despite the heroic defense, the Russians abandoned Petropavlovsk as a strategic liability after the French and British forces withdrew. The next year, when a second enemy force came to attack the port, they found it deserted. Frustrated, the ships bombarded the city and withdrew.
On May 21, 1865, the American Civil War came to the area: the Confederate States Navy steamer Shenandoah sailed past the southern end of the Kamchatka Peninsula on its way to hunt United States whaling ships in the Sea of Okhotsk. As a commerce raider, the CSS Shenandoah aimed to destroy Yankee merchant shipping and thus draw off United States Navy ships in pursuit and thereby loosen the US Navy blockade of Confederate coasts. The ship spent almost three weeks in the Sea, destroying only one ship because of the dangerous ice, before moving on to the North Pacific where it virtually destroyed the North Pacific whaling fleet, capturing 24 whalers and sinking most of them.
The next fifty years were lean ones for Kamchatka. The naval port moved to Ust-Amur, and in 1867 Russia sold Alaska to the United States, making Petropavlovsk obsolete as a transit point for traders and explorers on their way to the American territories. In 1860, a Primorsky (Maritime) Region was established[[/color]citation needed][/size] and Kamchatka was placed under its jurisdiction. In 1875 Russia ceded the [/color]Kuril Islands to Japan in return for Russian sovereignty over Sakhalin island. The Russian population of Kamchatka stayed at around 2,500 until the turn of the century, while the native population increased to 5,000. During the 19th century, scientific exploration of the peninsula continued, with Karl von Ditmar making an important journey there in 1851–1854.[/color][13]
[/color]World War II (1939-1945) hardly affected Kamchatka except for its role as a launch site for the invasion of the Kurils in August 1945. After the war the Soviet authorities declared Kamchatka a military zone: it remained closed to Soviet citizens until 1989 and to foreigners until 1990.Terrestrial flora[/color][edit][/size][/font]Kamchatka boasts abundant flora. The variable climate promotes different flora zones where [/color]tundra and muskeg are dominant succeeded by grasses, flowering shrubs and forests of pine, birch, alder and willow. The wide variety of plant forms spread throughout the Peninsula promotes just as wide a variation in animal species that feed off them. Although Kamchatka is mostly tundra, deciduous and coniferous trees are abundant and forests can be found throughout the peninsula.Terrestrial and aquatic fauna[/color][edit][/size][/font]
[/color]A Kamchatka brown bear in the spring
Kamchatka Peninsula surrounded by algal bloom in 2013Kamchatka boasts diverse and abundant wildlife. This is due to climates ranging from temperate to subarctic, diverse topography and geography, many free-flowing rivers, proximity to highly productive waters from the northwestern Pacific Ocean and the Bering and Okhotsk Seas, and to the low human density and minimal development. It also boasts the southernmost expanse of Arctic tundra in the world. Commercial exploitation of marine resources and a history of fur trapping has taken its toll on several species.
Kamchatka is famous for the abundance and size of its brown bears. In the Kronotsky Nature Preserve there are estimated to be three to four bears per 100 square kilometres.[/color][14] Other fauna of note include carnivores such as [/color]tundra wolf (Canis lupus albus), Arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus) Anadyr fox (Vulpes vulpes beringiana), East Siberian lynx (Lynx lynx wrangeli), wolverine (Gulo gulo), sable (Martes zibellina), Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra), East Siberian stoat (Mustela ermine kaneii) and Siberian least weasel (Mustela nivalis pygmaea). The peninsula hosts habitat for several large ungulates including the Kamchatka snow sheep,reindeer (Rangifer tarandus), and Chukotka moose (Alces alces burulini) one of the largest moose in the world and the largest in Eurasia; and rodents/leporids, including mountain hare (Lepus timidus), marmot, and several species of lemming and squirrel. The peninsula is the breeding ground for Steller's sea eagle,[/color][15] one of the largest eagle species, along with the [/color]golden eagle and gyr falcon.
Kamchatka contains probably the world's greatest diversity of salmonid fish, including all six species of anadromous Pacific salmon (chinook, chum, coho, seema, pink, and sockeye). Due to its uniquely suitable environment, biologists estimate that a fifth of all Pacific salmon originates in Kamchatka.[/color][16] [/color]Kuril Lake is recognized as the biggest spawning-ground for sockeye in Eurasia.[/color][17] In response to pressure from poaching and to worldwide decreases in salmon stocks, some 24,000 square kilometres (9,300 sq mi) along nine of the more productive salmon rivers are in the process of being set aside as a nature preserve. Stickleback species, particularly [/color]Gasterosteus aculeatus and Pungitius pungitius, also occur in many coastal drainages, and are likely present in freshwater as well.
Cetaceans that frequent the highly productive waters of the northwestern Pacific and the Okhotsk Sea include: orcas, Dall's and harbor porpoises, humpback whales, sperm whales and fin whales. Less frequently, gray whales (from the eastern population), the critically endangered North Pacific right whale and bowhead whale, beaked whales and minke whales are encountered. Blue whale are known to feed off of the southeastern shelf in summer. Among pinnipeds, Steller's sea lions, northern fur seals, spotted seals and harbor seals are abundant along much of the peninsula. Further north, walruses and bearded seals can be encountered on the Pacific side, and ribbon seals reproduce on the ice of Karaginsky Bay. Sea otters are concentrated primarily on the southern end of the peninsula.
Seabirds include northern fulmars, thick and thin-billed murres, kittiwakes, tufted and horned puffins, red-faced, pelagic and other cormorants, and many other species. Typical of the northern seas, the marine fauna is likewise rich. Of commercial importance are Kamchatka crab (king crab), scallop, squid, pollock, cod, herring, halibut and several species of flatfish.See also[/color][edit][/size][/font][/color]Korean Air Lines Flight 007[/size][/color][/size] |
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