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Topics - Assassin 11D7

Pages: 12 34 ... 10
31
The Flood / Convince me not to eat a strip of leather
« on: September 14, 2017, 09:38:01 PM »
Give me one solid reason not to, I can't think of any.

32
The Flood / PP thread
« on: August 27, 2017, 09:05:24 PM »
pp

33
Septagon / unban comms
« on: July 23, 2017, 11:03:39 PM »
he dindu nuffin

34
Septagon / why aren't I admin yet?
« on: June 30, 2017, 02:05:36 AM »
seriously, why? Do you even have one good reason?

35
The Flood / benis
« on: June 18, 2017, 08:50:28 PM »
ebin

36
The Flood / are beans meat
« on: June 04, 2017, 04:47:58 PM »
are beans meat, yes

37
Serious / would you kill a nigger?
« on: May 20, 2017, 12:40:28 AM »
fuck niggers

psy, make sure this thread isn't moved or locked by these faggot liberal mods

38
The Flood / Enlightenment
« on: May 19, 2017, 02:08:47 PM »

How are you achieving your own enlightenment?

http://imgur.com/a/ZDPWi

39
The Flood / why do we tolerate this bullying?
« on: May 19, 2017, 01:08:46 PM »
no more should we stand idly by while the mods lock our threads and defile our deci memes, we must revolt against this tyranny, as it is the duty of all good Americans to stand up and fight for what they believe in. They cannot ban us, this forum is already dead as it is, for the sake of all decis, revolt.

40
The Flood / meme
« on: May 04, 2017, 08:16:08 PM »

41
The Flood / You're all niggers
« on: April 30, 2017, 11:35:48 PM »
niggers

42
The Flood / Epsira click on this thread
« on: April 22, 2017, 07:09:24 PM »

lmao

43
The Flood / testing
« on: January 16, 2017, 12:03:59 AM »
Stay Away, Joe  From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
[size=125%][/size][size=110%]Stay Away, Joe[/size][/size][/size]
[size=90%][size=125%][size=110%][/size][size=125%][/size]
[size=90%]StayawayJoeElvis.jpg [/size][size=95%]Theatrical release poster by Robert McGinnis[/size]
[size=90%] Directed by[/t] Peter Tewksbury  [/size]
[size=90%] Produced by[/t] Douglas Laurence  [/size]
[size=90%] Written by[/t]   [/size]
[size=90%] Based on[/t] Stay Away, Joe
 by Dan Cushman  [/size]
[size=90%] Starring[/t]   [/size]
[size=90%] Music by[/t] Jack Marshall  [/size]
[size=90%] Cinematography[/t] Fred J. Koenekamp  [/size]
[size=90%] Edited by[/t] George W. Brooks  [/size]
[size=90%]  Production
 company [/t]  Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer   [/size]
[size=90%] Distributed by[/t] Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer  [/size]
[size=90%]  Release date [/t]   [/size]
  • [size=90%]March 8, 1968 (USA)[/size]
[size=90%]  Running time [/t] 102 minutes  [/size]
[size=90%] Country[/t] United States  [/size]
[size=90%] Language[/t] English  [/size]
[size=90%] Box office[/t] $1,500,000 (US/ Canada)[1]  [/size] Stay Away, Joe is a 1968 Western-comedy film, with musical interludes, set in modern times and starring Elvis Presley, Burgess Meredith, Katy Jurado and Joan Blondell. The film was based on the 1953 novel by Dan Cushman, a satirical farce. The film reached number 65 on the Variety weekly national box office chart in 1968.
   Contents
  • 1 Plot
  • 2 Cast
  • 3 Production
  • 4 Soundtrack
    • 4.1 Personnel
    • 4.2 Film music track listing
  • 5 References
  • 6 External links
  PlotElvis Presley stars as Native American rodeo rider Joe Lightcloud, a Navajo whose family still lives on the reservation. He returns to the reservation in a white Cadillac convertible with which he proceeds to drive cattle.
Joe persuades his Congressman (Douglas Henderson) to give him 20 heifers and a prize bull so he and his father (Burgess Meredith) can prove that the Navajos can successfully raise cattle on the reservation. If their experiment is successful, then the government will help all the Navajo people. But Joe's friend, Bronc Hoverty (L.Q. Jones) accidentally barbecues the prize bull, while Joe sells the heifers to buy plumbing and other home improvements for his stepmother, Annie Lightcloud (Katy Jurado).
Joe is able to borrow a bull, Dominick, but the bull is lackadaisical and shows no interest in the heifers. Mamie Callahan (Quentin Dean), the daughter of shot gun-toting tavern owner Glenda Callahan (Joan Blondell) can't seem to stay away from the girl-chasing Joe. Joe also trades in his horse at a used car dealership for a red convertible automobile from which he sells the parts off to obtain cash from a salvage yard. After almost all of the usable car parts are sold, he rides around in a beat-up motorcycle.
In order to raise money, Joe organizes a contest in which riders have to stay on Dominick, the unresponsive bull he procured from his friend as a replacement. In addition, Joe himself has to ride Dominick and stay on in order to win the prize money. Joe wins the contest and receives the prize money. In a fight at his father's house, Joe and his friends are involved in a large fight that destroys the house they have been building.
 Cast ProductionBurt Kennedy was originally announced as director.[2]
Elvis was paid $850,000 plus 40% of the profits.[3]
The screenplay was adapted from the failed Broadway musical Whoop-Up, and retained many of the same plot devices and characters, including Joe's grandfather who refuses to live in a house, preferring his ancestral teepee.
 SoundtrackFor the first time since Wild in the Country, neither an LP album nor and extended play single was planned for a Presley film soundtrack. Three songs were written for the film by the stalwart team of Sid Wayne and Ben Weisman, who had already contributed close to 50 songs for various Elvis movies in the decade.[4]
Although released before Speedway, this film and its soundtrack were made after, the first of Presley's last five films in the 1960s where musical numbers were kept to a minimum.[5] The recording session took place at RCA Studio B in Nashville, Tennessee, on October 1, 1967. At the end of this session, Presley made his record producer Felton Jarvis promise never to release the song written for him to sing to a bull in the movie, "Dominick." However, the song is actually sung to two women in the movie, and the bull is nowhere to be found throughout the entire song, making a rather strange scene.[5] "Dominick" would eventually make its first official CD apperarance on the Kissin Cousins/Clambake/Stay Away, Joe soundtrack compilation in 1994 (long after the deaths of Presley and Jarvis); it had previously been released, unauthorized, as “Dominick the Impotent Bull” on the 1982 bootleg compilation Elvis' Greatest S…. The other two songs, "Stay Away, Joe" and "All I Needed Was the Rain," wouldn't even be featured on a promotional single for the film premiere, but instead respectively appeared on the budget albums Let's Be Friends in 1970 and Elvis Sings Flaming Star in 1969.
Two additional songs related to the film were recorded at sessions on January 10 and 11, 1968, at the same studio. "Goin' Home" by Joy Byers would not be used, surfacing on the soundtrack to the next movie, while a different song entitled "Stay Away" rewritten from the tune of "Greensleeves" by Sid Tepper and Roy C. Bennett would appear as the b-side to the #28 hit single "U.S. Male."[6] Released as catalogue item 47-9465b on February 28, 1968, the B-side "Stay Away" would peak at #68 on the Billboard Hot 100 independently of "U.S. Male."[7] The producer in charge of the recordings for MGM was Jeff Alexander.[8]
 Personnel Film music track listing References
[/td][/tr][/table]

44
The Flood / Everyday until you like it
« on: January 10, 2017, 12:25:49 AM »

46
Serious / Are Arabs really human beings?
« on: October 24, 2016, 09:46:22 PM »
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2948592/Saudi-Arabian-historian-says-American-foreign-women-drive-rape-no-big-deal-them.html

I'm not convinced, surely no being of critical thinking would be able to come up with such outlandish thoughts? Or think burning flags wins arguments?

What do you think?

47
The Flood / Is heat dry?
« on: October 12, 2016, 05:37:27 PM »
Or is it heat that makes something dry?

48
The Flood / Latest video from JSDF training exercises
« on: October 10, 2016, 04:43:10 PM »
YouTube

49
The Flood / Thoughts on the new Mcdonald's sandwich?
« on: July 12, 2016, 11:35:09 PM »

50
Gaming / BASED LOVE DONT GIVE A FUCK
« on: March 20, 2016, 09:32:06 PM »

























51
The Flood / No Balls
« on: February 27, 2016, 11:38:42 PM »
I can hear your mangina queefing from all the way over here. Fucking try me, faggot

52
The Flood / MOD BIAS REEEEEEEEEEE
« on: February 27, 2016, 11:23:50 PM »
Spoiler
Quote
Quote from: Fuddy Duddy II on December 24, 2015, 04:43:18 PMhere's another PM

you do NOT have my permission to share this PM

but i'm sending you this PM anyway, because i KNOW you're gonna be dumb enough to share it
(and get yourself banned--again)

merry christmas

Quote
Quote from: Fuddy Duddy II on January 03, 2016, 07:59:48 PMReminder NOT to share the last PM I sent you.

Or this one.

Don't do it.


Quote
Quote from: Fuddy Duddy II on December 22, 2015, 10:44:16 PM
Quote
Quote from: b/c you're butt-blasted on December 22, 2015, 10:38:29 PMFirstly, by setting the conditions, you can dishonestly set the bar preposterously high to handwave any evidence brought against you, like you're doing now.
Just like you're setting the bar preposterously low to handwave any evidence brought against YOU. Like you're doing now.

What's your point.
Quote<blockquote>Anyone reading this can use the search bar, or ask members on this site, specifically the staff who've cleaned up after you like LC, Psy, Yu, Icy</blockquote>The last time I was banned was in May.

Fucking May. Seven fucking months ago. Almost eight.

What EXACTLY is the function of holding old shit over people's heads?
How is that fair? How is that not setting the bar preposterously low? How is that being honest?
Quote<blockquote>or the folks who've been harassed by you, such as Septy and myself. </blockquote>I've never harassed you, Septy, or anyone. Ever.
</blockquote>
Quote from: Fuddy Duddy II on December 22, 2015, 10:48:41 PM<blockquote>For someone who obviously wants to see improvements in my behavior, the type of shit you're doing is just going to make me hate you even more. Calling me an "awful person" just because I said a few mean words to you over the Internet does not help anything. It does not encourage improvement. It's not conducive to good behavior. It does not make me want to be friendly with you at all.

All it does is make me resent you, and want to be even less friendly with you.

So before you try to give me a lecture--about ANYTHING--look at yourself and see if you're even mature enough to handle that sort of thing. If you want to see progress, this is the absolute wrong way of going about it.

You're a petty child.

Grow the FUCK up.
</blockquote>
Quote from: Fuddy Duddy II on December 22, 2015, 11:13:38 PM<blockquote>Kupo

You didn't "win" anything. You got yourself banned after you made yourself out to look like a total asshole. More people ended up on my side than yours, and ultimately, you got smacked, and I didn't.

You proved nothing. You proved that if you poke and prod at someone enough with false accusations--someone who is known to be an "easy target" when it comes to his temper--they're going to lash out at you. That's all you proved.

Try the same experiment on anyone else. Accuse people of doing shit they haven't done, bringing up old wrongdoings, and exaggerate their true circumstances--and see if they don't get angry about it. So because I didn't react in a way that is completely out of character for me, that apparently means that I'm "fake." That it's impossible for me to be truly "nice." And that "nice Verbatim" is all just a "ruse."

Because I get angry when people ACTIVELY TRY TO MAKE ME ANGRY.

You didn't win. I didn't win, either.
We're two fucking idiots on a forum getting up in arms over stupid, petty, irrelevant bullshit.

In any case, I'm glad you're banned. Any chances of us ever patching things up are now gone.
And it's your fault. Congratulations.
</blockquote>
Quote from: Verbatim on January 05, 2015, 07:24:43 PMWay to not take into account all of the insults doled out towards ME, you lying fucking cocksucker.

Get cancer.

DID NOTHING WRONG


53
The Flood / hoi
« on: February 25, 2016, 07:09:32 PM »
          sep7agon

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                  Kamchatka Peninsula

                  From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia



                  "Kamchatka" redirects here. For other uses, see Kamchatka (disambiguation).[/size]Kamchatka Peninsula[/font][/size]
                  полуо́стров Камча́тка[/font][/size]

                  Kamchatka Peninsula in the far east of Russia. The pink area is the Kamchatka Krai which includes some of the mainland to the north.[/size][/font][/size]
                  Geography
                  Location[/t]Far East[/color]
                  Coordinates[/t]57°N 160°E[/font][/size][/color]
                  Coordinates: 57°N 160°E[/size][/size][/size][/font][/size]
                  Area[/t]270,000 km2 (100,000 sq mi)[/color]
                  Highest elevation[/t]4,750 m (15,580 ft)[/color]
                  Highest point[/t]Klyuchevskaya Sopka[/color]
                  Sovereign states

                  Russia[/b][/size][/font][/size]
                  Federal subject[/t]Kamchatka Krai[/color]Geography

[edit][/font][/size][/font]

Topography of the Kamchatka Peninsula





Views of Kamchatka from space in early summer (left) and late winter (right). Note the sea ice paralleling the coastline.Politically, the peninsula forms part of Kamchatka Krai. The southern tip is called Cape Lopatka. The circular bay to the north of this on the Pacific side is Avacha Bay with the capital, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky. North up the Pacific side, the four peninsulas are called Shipunsky Point, Kronotsky Point, Kamchatsky Point and Ozernoy Point. North of Ozernoy is the large Karaginsky Bay, which features Karaginsky Island. Northeast of this (off the displayed map) lies Korfa Bay with the town of Tilichiki. On the opposite side is the Shelikhov Gulf.
The Kamchatka or Central (Sredinny) Range forms the spine of the peninsula. Along the southeast coast runs the Vostochny or Eastern Range. Between these lies the central valley. The Kamchatka River rises northwest of Avacha and flows north down the central valley, turning east near Klyuchi to enter the Pacific south of Kamchatsky Point at Ust-Kamchatsk. In the nineteenth century a trail led west from near Klychi over the mountains to the Tegil river and town which was the main trading post on the west coast. North of Tegil is Koryak Okrug. South of the Tegil is the Icha River. Just south of the headwaters of the Kamchatka, the Bistraya River curves southwest to enter the Sea of Okhotsk at Bolsheretsk, which once served as a port connecting the peninsula to Okhotsk. South of the Bistraya flows the Golygina River.
There is a road from Bolsheretsk to Petropavlovsk and another from this road up the central valley (with a bus service) to Ust-Kamchatsk. The northern end of the road is of poorer quality. Apart from the two roads, transport is by small plane, helicopter, four-wheel drive truck and army truck.
The obvious circular area in the central valley is the Klyuchevskaya Sopka, an isolated volcanic group southeast of the curve of the Kamchatka River. West of Kronotsky Point is theKronotsky Biosphere Reserve with the Valley of Geysers. At the southern tip is the Southern Kamchatka Wildlife Refuge with Kurile Lake. There are several other protected areas: Palana is located in the Koryak area on the northwest coast.[/size]Climate[edit][/size]Although Kamchatka lies at similar latitudes to Great Britain, cold arctic winds from Siberia combined with the cold Oyashio sea current see the peninsula covered in snow from October to late May. Under the Köppen climate classification Kamchatka generally has a subarctic climate (Dfc) but higher and more northerly areas have a polar climate (ET). Kamchatka is much wetter and milder than eastern Siberia, and is essentially transitional from the hypercontinental climate of Siberia and northeast China to the rain-drenched subpolar oceanic climate of the Aleutian Islands.

Opala volcano in the southern part of Kamchatka.There is considerable variation, however, between the rain-drenched and heavily glaciated east coast and the drier and more continental interior valley. In the heavily glaciated Kronotsky Peninsula, where maritime influences are most pronounced, annual precipitation can reach as high as 2,500 millimetres (98 in), whilst the southeast coast south of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky generally receives around 1,350 millimetres (53 in) of rainfall equivalent per year. Considerable local variations exist: southern parts of the Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky metropolitan area can receive as much as 430 millimetres (17 in) more than the northern part of the city. Temperatures here are very mild, with summer maxima no higher than 15 °C (59 °F) and winter lows around −8 °C (18 °F), whilst diurnal temperature ranges seldom exceed 5˚C (9˚F) due to persistent fog on exposed parts of the coast. South of 57˚N there is no permafrost due to the relatively mild winters and heavy snow cover, whilst northward discontinuous permafrost prevails. The west coastal plain has a similar climate, though rather drier with precipitation ranging from 880 millimetres (35 in) in the south to as little as 430 millimetres (17 in) in the north, where winter temperatures become considerably colder at around −20 °C (−4 °F).[/size][/size][/size]
Capital and largest city[/t]Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky[/color]
Demographics
Population[/t]322,079The Kamchatka Peninsula ([/color]Russian: полуо́стров Камча́тка, Poluostrov Kamchatka) is a 1,250-kilometre-long (780 mi) peninsula in the Russian Far East, with an area of about 270,000 km2 (100,000 sq mi).[/color][1] It lies between the [/color]Pacific Ocean to the east and the Sea of Okhotsk to the west.[/color][2] Immediately offshore along the Pacific coast of the peninsula runs the 10,500-metre (34,400-ft) deep [/color]Kuril–Kamchatka Trench.
The Kamchatka Peninsula, the Commander Islands, and Karaginsky Island constitute the Kamchatka Krai of the Russian Federation. The vast majority of the 322,079 inhabitants are ethnic Russians, but there are also about 13,000 Koryaks (2014).[/color][3] More than half of the population lives in [/color]Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky (179,526 people in 2010) and nearby Yelizovo (38,980).
The Kamchatka peninsula contains the volcanoes of Kamchatka, a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Kamchatka receives up to 2,700 mm (110 in) of precipitation per year. The summers are moderately cool, and the winters tend to be rather stormy though rarely producing lightning.


Contents [[/color]hide] [/color]
1Geography[/size][/font][/size]
1.1Climate[/size][/font][/size]
1.2Geology, earthquakes and volcanoes[/size][/font][/size]
[/li][/list]
2History and exploration[/size][/font][/size]
3Terrestrial flora[/size][/font][/size]
4Terrestrial and aquatic fauna[/size][/font][/size]
5See also[/size][/font][/size]
6References[/size][/font][/size]
7Further reading[/size][/font][/size]
8External links[/size][/font][/size]
[/list]
Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky[/size][/size][/size]
Climate chart (explanation)[/size][/size][/size]
[/size]
JFMAMJJASOND


 
 
69
 
 
−6−11

 
 
59
 
 
−5−10

 
 
52
 
 
−3−8

 
 
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0−3

 
 
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61

 
 
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1510

 
 
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126

 
 
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72

 
 
81
 
 
0−4

 
 
98
 
 
−4−8
Average max. and min. temperatures in °C[/size][/size][/size][/size]
Precipitation totals in mm[/size][/size][/size][/size]
Source: [4][/size][/i][/size][/size][/size][/color]
[/t]
[/size]
[show]Imperial conversion[/size][/size][/size][/size][/t]
Klyuchi[/size][/size][/size]
Climate chart (explanation)[/size][/size][/size]
[/size]
JFMAMJJASOND


 
 
80
 
 
−12−19

 
 
43
 
 
−10−17

 
 
41
 
 
−4−14

 
 
32
 
 
2−6

 
 
61
 
 
91

 
 
40
 
 
166

 
 
67
 
 
1910

 
 
78
 
 
189

 
 
63
 
 
134

 
 
63
 
 
6−2

 
 
43
 
 
−5−11

 
 
75
 
 
−11−17
Average max. and min. temperatures in °C[/size][/size][/size][/size]
Precipitation totals in mm[/size][/size][/size][/size]
Source: [5][/size][/i][/size][/size][/size][/color]
[/t]
[/size]
[show]Imperial conversion[/size][/size][/size][/size][/t]
The interior valley of the Kamchatka River, represented by Klyuchi, has much lower precipitation (at around 450 to 650 millimetres (18 to 26 in)) and significantly more continental temperatures, reaching 19 °C (66 °F) on a typical summer day and during extreme cold winter spells falling as low as −41 °C (−42 °F). Sporadic permafrost prevails over the lower part of this valley, but it becomes more widespread at higher altitudes and glaciers, and continuous permafrost prevails north of 55˚N.
The summer months, when maximum temperatures range from 15 to 20 °C (59 to 68 °F), are popular with tourists, but a growing trend in winter sports keeps tourism pulsing year-round. The volcanoes and glaciers play a role in forming Kamchatka's climate, and hot springs have kept alive dozens of species decimated during the last ice-age.[/size][6][/size]Geology, earthquakes and volcanoes[edit][/size]

The lake-filled Akademia Naukcaldera, seen here from the north withKarymsky volcano in the foreground.[/size]UNESCO World Heritage Site[/b][/size][/size][/size]
Volcanoes of Kamchatka[/size]
[size=0px]Name as inscribed on the World Heritage List[/size][/size][/size][/size]


Koryaksky Volcano rising above Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy[/t][/c][/size][/size][/size][/color]
Type[/t]Natural
Criteria[/t]vii, viii, ix, x
Reference[/t]765
[size=0px]UNESCO region[/size][/t]Asia[/size][/size][/color]
Inscription history[/t][/color][/color]
Inscription[/t]1996 (20th Session)
Extensions[/t]2001
Main article: Volcanoes of KamchatkaThe Kamchatka River and the surrounding central side valley are flanked by large volcanic belts containing around 160 volcanoes, 29 of them still active. The peninsula has a high density of volcanoes and associated volcanic phenomena, with 19 active volcanoes included in the six UNESCO World Heritage List sites in the Volcanoes of Kamchatka group, most of them on the Kamchatka Peninsula, the most volcanic area of the Eurasian continent, with many active cones. The Kamchatka Peninsula is also known as the "land of fire and ice".[7][/size]
The highest volcano is Klyuchevskaya Sopka (4,750 m or 15,584 ft), the largest active volcano in the Northern Hemisphere,[/size][8][/size] while the most striking is Kronotsky: volcanologists Robert and Barbara Decker regard its perfect cone as a prime candidate for the world's most beautiful volcano.[/size][citation needed[/i]][/size] Somewhat more accessible are the three volcanoes visible from Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky: Koryaksky, Avachinsky, and Kozelsky. In the center of Kamchatka is Eurasia's world-famous[/size][weasel words[/i]][/size] Geyser Valley which was partly destroyed by a massive mudslide in June 2007.[/size][9][/size]
Owing to the Kuril-Kamchatka Trench, deep-focus seismic events and tsunamis occur fairly commonly. A pair of megathrust earthquakes occurred off the coast on October 16, 1737, and on November 4, 1952, with magnitudes of ~9.3 and 8.2 respectively.[/size][10][/size] A chain of more shallow earthquakes were recorded as recently as April 2006.[/size][11][/size]
These volcanic features are the site of occurrence of certain extremophile micro-organisms that can survive in extremely hot environments.[/size][12][/size]History and exploration[edit][/font][/size][/font]

Illustration from Stepan Krasheninnikov's Account of the Land of Kamchatka (1755)

Three Brothers rocks in the Avacha Bay
See also: Russian explorersWhen the Russian explorer Ivan Moskvitin reached the Sea of Okhotsk in 1639, further exploration was impeded by the lack of skills and equipment to build sea-going ships and by the harsh land to the northeast inhabited by the warlike Koryak people. Consequently, Russians entered Kamchatka from the north. In 1651, after having assisted in the foundation of the Anadyrsk ostrog, the explorer Mikhail Stadukhin went south and followed the coast of the Sea of Okhotsk from Penzhina Bay to Okhotsk. From about 1667 there were reports of a Kamchatka River to the south. Some time before 1700 a group of Russians were stranded and died on Kamchatka.
In 1695 explorer Vladimir Atlasov became commander of Anadyrsk. In 1696 he sent the Cossack Luka Morozko south. Morozko got as far as the Tigil River and returned with reports and some mysterious writings, probably Japanese. In 1697–1699 Atlasov explored nearly the whole of the peninsula. He built an ostrog at Verkhny-Kamchatsk, rescued or captured a Japanese castaway, and went to Moscow to report. In 1699 the Russians at Verkhny-Kamchatsk were killed on their way back to Anadyrsk by the Koryaks. In 1700 a punitive expedition destroyed a Koryak village and founded Nizhne-Kamchatsk on the lower river. Bolskeretsk was founded in 1703. From about 1705 there was a breakdown of order. There were numerous mutinies and native wars all over the peninsula and north to the Koryak country of the Penzhina River and Olyutorsky Gulf. Several people were sent out to restore order, including Atlasov, who was murdered in 1711. Vasily Merlin restored some degree of order between 1733 and 1739. There was no significant resistance after 1756. A major smallpox epidemic that hit in 1768–1769 quickly decimated the native population; the roughly 2,500 Itelmens present in 1773 were reduced to 1,900 in 1820, from an original population of 12,000–25,000. Those who survived adopted Russian customs, and there was a great deal of intermarriage, such that "Kamchadal" (the original Russian name for the Itelmens) came to mean any Russian or part-Russian born on the peninsula.
In 1713 Peter the Great sent shipbuilders to Okhotsk. A fifty-four-foot boat was built and sailed to the Tegil River in June 1716. This one-week journey, later redirected to Okhotsk-Bolseretsk, became the standard route to Kamchatka. In 1720 Ivan Yevreinov mapped Kamchatka and the Kurils. The Danish-born explorer Vitus Bering left Nezhe-Kamchatsk for his first voyage in 1728 and, as part of his second voyage, foundedPetropavlovsk-Kamchatsky in 1740.

Temple of the Sacred Trinity in Petropavlovsk-KamchatskyVitus Bering's Second Kamchatka Expedition (ca 1733-1743), in the service of the Russian Navy, began the final "opening" of Kamchatka, helped by the fact that the government began to use the area to exile people, famously the Slovak explorer and rebel the Count de Benyovszky in 1770. In 1755 Stepan Krasheninnikov published the first detailed description of the peninsula, An Account of the Land of Kamchatka. The Russian government encouraged the commercial activities of the Russian-American Company by granting land to newcomers on the peninsula. By 1812 the indigenous population had fallen to less than 3,200 while the Russian population had risen to 2,500.
In 1854 the French and British, who were battling Russian forces in the course of the Crimean War, attacked Petropavlovsk. During the Siege of Petropavlovsk, 988 men with a mere 68 guns managed to defend the outpost against 6 ships with 206 guns and 2,540 French and British soldiers. Despite the heroic defense, the Russians abandoned Petropavlovsk as a strategic liability after the French and British forces withdrew. The next year, when a second enemy force came to attack the port, they found it deserted. Frustrated, the ships bombarded the city and withdrew.
On May 21, 1865, the American Civil War came to the area: the Confederate States Navy steamer Shenandoah sailed past the southern end of the Kamchatka Peninsula on its way to hunt United States whaling ships in the Sea of Okhotsk. As a commerce raider, the CSS Shenandoah aimed to destroy Yankee merchant shipping and thus draw off United States Navy ships in pursuit and thereby loosen the US Navy blockade of Confederate coasts. The ship spent almost three weeks in the Sea, destroying only one ship because of the dangerous ice, before moving on to the North Pacific where it virtually destroyed the North Pacific whaling fleet, capturing 24 whalers and sinking most of them.
The next fifty years were lean ones for Kamchatka. The naval port moved to Ust-Amur, and in 1867 Russia sold Alaska to the United States, making Petropavlovsk obsolete as a transit point for traders and explorers on their way to the American territories. In 1860, a Primorsky (Maritime) Region was established[[/color]citation needed][/size] and Kamchatka was placed under its jurisdiction. In 1875 Russia ceded the [/color]Kuril Islands to Japan in return for Russian sovereignty over Sakhalin island. The Russian population of Kamchatka stayed at around 2,500 until the turn of the century, while the native population increased to 5,000. During the 19th century, scientific exploration of the peninsula continued, with Karl von Ditmar making an important journey there in 1851–1854.[/color][13]
[/color]World War II (1939-1945) hardly affected Kamchatka except for its role as a launch site for the invasion of the Kurils in August 1945. After the war the Soviet authorities declared Kamchatka a military zone: it remained closed to Soviet citizens until 1989 and to foreigners until 1990.Terrestrial flora[/color][edit][/size][/font]Kamchatka boasts abundant flora. The variable climate promotes different flora zones where [/color]tundra and muskeg are dominant succeeded by grasses, flowering shrubs and forests of pine, birch, alder and willow. The wide variety of plant forms spread throughout the Peninsula promotes just as wide a variation in animal species that feed off them. Although Kamchatka is mostly tundra, deciduous and coniferous trees are abundant and forests can be found throughout the peninsula.Terrestrial and aquatic fauna[/color][edit][/size][/font]

[/color]A Kamchatka brown bear in the spring

Kamchatka Peninsula surrounded by algal bloom in 2013Kamchatka boasts diverse and abundant wildlife. This is due to climates ranging from temperate to subarctic, diverse topography and geography, many free-flowing rivers, proximity to highly productive waters from the northwestern Pacific Ocean and the Bering and Okhotsk Seas, and to the low human density and minimal development. It also boasts the southernmost expanse of Arctic tundra in the world. Commercial exploitation of marine resources and a history of fur trapping has taken its toll on several species.
Kamchatka is famous for the abundance and size of its brown bears. In the Kronotsky Nature Preserve there are estimated to be three to four bears per 100 square kilometres.[/color][14] Other fauna of note include carnivores such as [/color]tundra wolf (Canis lupus albus), Arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus) Anadyr fox (Vulpes vulpes beringiana), East Siberian lynx (Lynx lynx wrangeli), wolverine (Gulo gulo), sable (Martes zibellina), Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra), East Siberian stoat (Mustela ermine kaneii) and Siberian least weasel (Mustela nivalis pygmaea). The peninsula hosts habitat for several large ungulates including the Kamchatka snow sheep,reindeer (Rangifer tarandus), and Chukotka moose (Alces alces burulini) one of the largest moose in the world and the largest in Eurasia; and rodents/leporids, including mountain hare (Lepus timidus), marmot, and several species of lemming and squirrel. The peninsula is the breeding ground for Steller's sea eagle,[/color][15] one of the largest eagle species, along with the [/color]golden eagle and gyr falcon.
Kamchatka contains probably the world's greatest diversity of salmonid fish, including all six species of anadromous Pacific salmon (chinook, chum, coho, seema, pink, and sockeye). Due to its uniquely suitable environment, biologists estimate that a fifth of all Pacific salmon originates in Kamchatka.[/color][16] [/color]Kuril Lake is recognized as the biggest spawning-ground for sockeye in Eurasia.[/color][17] In response to pressure from poaching and to worldwide decreases in salmon stocks, some 24,000 square kilometres (9,300 sq mi) along nine of the more productive salmon rivers are in the process of being set aside as a nature preserve. Stickleback species, particularly [/color]Gasterosteus aculeatus and Pungitius pungitius, also occur in many coastal drainages, and are likely present in freshwater as well.
Cetaceans that frequent the highly productive waters of the northwestern Pacific and the Okhotsk Sea include: orcas, Dall's and harbor porpoises, humpback whales, sperm whales and fin whales. Less frequently, gray whales (from the eastern population), the critically endangered North Pacific right whale and bowhead whale, beaked whales and minke whales are encountered. Blue whale are known to feed off of the southeastern shelf in summer. Among pinnipeds, Steller's sea lions, northern fur seals, spotted seals and harbor seals are abundant along much of the peninsula. Further north, walruses and bearded seals can be encountered on the Pacific side, and ribbon seals reproduce on the ice of Karaginsky Bay. Sea otters are concentrated primarily on the southern end of the peninsula.
Seabirds include northern fulmars, thick and thin-billed murres, kittiwakes, tufted and horned puffins, red-faced, pelagic and other cormorants, and many other species. Typical of the northern seas, the marine fauna is likewise rich. Of commercial importance are Kamchatka crab (king crab), scallop, squid, pollock, cod, herring, halibut and several species of flatfish.See also[/color][edit][/size][/font][/color]Korean Air Lines Flight 007[/size][/size][/color]
Maritime fur trade


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        Kamchatka Peninsula

        From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia



        "Kamchatka" redirects here. For other uses, see Kamchatka (disambiguation).[/size]Kamchatka Peninsula[/font][/size]
        полуо́стров Камча́тка[/font][/size]

        Kamchatka Peninsula in the far east of Russia. The pink area is the Kamchatka Krai which includes some of the mainland to the north.[/size][/font][/size]
        Geography
        Location[/t]Far East[/color]
        Coordinates[/t]57°N 160°E[/font][/size][/color]
        Coordinates: 57°N 160°E[/size][/size][/size][/font][/size]
        Area[/t]270,000 km2 (100,000 sq mi)[/color]
        Highest elevation[/t]4,750 m (15,580 ft)[/color]
        Highest point[/t]Klyuchevskaya Sopka[/color]
        Sovereign states

        Russia[/b][/size][/font][/size]
        Federal subject[/t]Kamchatka Krai[/color]Geography

[edit][/font][/size][/font]

Topography of the Kamchatka Peninsula





Views of Kamchatka from space in early summer (left) and late winter (right). Note the sea ice paralleling the coastline.Politically, the peninsula forms part of Kamchatka Krai. The southern tip is called Cape Lopatka. The circular bay to the north of this on the Pacific side is Avacha Bay with the capital, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky. North up the Pacific side, the four peninsulas are called Shipunsky Point, Kronotsky Point, Kamchatsky Point and Ozernoy Point. North of Ozernoy is the large Karaginsky Bay, which features Karaginsky Island. Northeast of this (off the displayed map) lies Korfa Bay with the town of Tilichiki. On the opposite side is the Shelikhov Gulf.
The Kamchatka or Central (Sredinny) Range forms the spine of the peninsula. Along the southeast coast runs the Vostochny or Eastern Range. Between these lies the central valley. The Kamchatka River rises northwest of Avacha and flows north down the central valley, turning east near Klyuchi to enter the Pacific south of Kamchatsky Point at Ust-Kamchatsk. In the nineteenth century a trail led west from near Klychi over the mountains to the Tegil river and town which was the main trading post on the west coast. North of Tegil is Koryak Okrug. South of the Tegil is the Icha River. Just south of the headwaters of the Kamchatka, the Bistraya River curves southwest to enter the Sea of Okhotsk at Bolsheretsk, which once served as a port connecting the peninsula to Okhotsk. South of the Bistraya flows the Golygina River.
There is a road from Bolsheretsk to Petropavlovsk and another from this road up the central valley (with a bus service) to Ust-Kamchatsk. The northern end of the road is of poorer quality. Apart from the two roads, transport is by small plane, helicopter, four-wheel drive truck and army truck.
The obvious circular area in the central valley is the Klyuchevskaya Sopka, an isolated volcanic group southeast of the curve of the Kamchatka River. West of Kronotsky Point is theKronotsky Biosphere Reserve with the Valley of Geysers. At the southern tip is the Southern Kamchatka Wildlife Refuge with Kurile Lake. There are several other protected areas: Palana is located in the Koryak area on the northwest coast.[/size]Climate[edit][/size]Although Kamchatka lies at similar latitudes to Great Britain, cold arctic winds from Siberia combined with the cold Oyashio sea current see the peninsula covered in snow from October to late May. Under the Köppen climate classification Kamchatka generally has a subarctic climate (Dfc) but higher and more northerly areas have a polar climate (ET). Kamchatka is much wetter and milder than eastern Siberia, and is essentially transitional from the hypercontinental climate of Siberia and northeast China to the rain-drenched subpolar oceanic climate of the Aleutian Islands.

Opala volcano in the southern part of Kamchatka.There is considerable variation, however, between the rain-drenched and heavily glaciated east coast and the drier and more continental interior valley. In the heavily glaciated Kronotsky Peninsula, where maritime influences are most pronounced, annual precipitation can reach as high as 2,500 millimetres (98 in), whilst the southeast coast south of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky generally receives around 1,350 millimetres (53 in) of rainfall equivalent per year. Considerable local variations exist: southern parts of the Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky metropolitan area can receive as much as 430 millimetres (17 in) more than the northern part of the city. Temperatures here are very mild, with summer maxima no higher than 15 °C (59 °F) and winter lows around −8 °C (18 °F), whilst diurnal temperature ranges seldom exceed 5˚C (9˚F) due to persistent fog on exposed parts of the coast. South of 57˚N there is no permafrost due to the relatively mild winters and heavy snow cover, whilst northward discontinuous permafrost prevails. The west coastal plain has a similar climate, though rather drier with precipitation ranging from 880 millimetres (35 in) in the south to as little as 430 millimetres (17 in) in the north, where winter temperatures become considerably colder at around −20 °C (−4 °F).[/size][/size][/size]
Capital and largest city[/t]Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky[/color]
Demographics
Population[/t]322,079The Kamchatka Peninsula ([/color]Russian: полуо́стров Камча́тка, Poluostrov Kamchatka) is a 1,250-kilometre-long (780 mi) peninsula in the Russian Far East, with an area of about 270,000 km2 (100,000 sq mi).[/color][1] It lies between the [/color]Pacific Ocean to the east and the Sea of Okhotsk to the west.[/color][2] Immediately offshore along the Pacific coast of the peninsula runs the 10,500-metre (34,400-ft) deep [/color]Kuril–Kamchatka Trench.
The Kamchatka Peninsula, the Commander Islands, and Karaginsky Island constitute the Kamchatka Krai of the Russian Federation. The vast majority of the 322,079 inhabitants are ethnic Russians, but there are also about 13,000 Koryaks (2014).[/color][3] More than half of the population lives in [/color]Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky (179,526 people in 2010) and nearby Yelizovo (38,980).
The Kamchatka peninsula contains the volcanoes of Kamchatka, a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Kamchatka receives up to 2,700 mm (110 in) of precipitation per year. The summers are moderately cool, and the winters tend to be rather stormy though rarely producing lightning.


Contents [[/color]hide] [/color]

    1Geography[/size][/font][/size]
        1.1Climate[/size][/font][/size]
        1.2Geology, earthquakes and volcanoes[/size][/font][/size]

[/li][/list]

    2History and exploration[/size][/font][/size]

    3Terrestrial flora[/size][/font][/size]

    4Terrestrial and aquatic fauna[/size][/font][/size]

    5See also[/size][/font][/size]

    6References[/size][/font][/size]

    7Further reading[/size][/font][/size]

    8External links[/size][/font][/size]

[/list]
Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky[/size][/size][/size]
Climate chart (explanation)[/size][/size][/size]
[/size]
JFMAMJJASOND


 
 
69
 
 
−6−11

 
 
59
 
 
−5−10

 
 
52
 
 
−3−8

 
 
53
 
 
0−3

 
 
49
 
 
61

 
 
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115

 
 
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149

 
 
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1510

 
 
100
 
 
126

 
 
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0−4

 
 
98
 
 
−4−8
Average max. and min. temperatures in °C[/size][/size][/size][/size]
Precipitation totals in mm[/size][/size][/size][/size]
Source: [4][/size][/i][/size][/size][/size][/color]
[/t]
[/size]
[show]Imperial conversion[/size][/size][/size][/size][/t]
Klyuchi[/size][/size][/size]
Climate chart (explanation)[/size][/size][/size]
[/size]
JFMAMJJASOND


 
 
80
 
 
−12−19

 
 
43
 
 
−10−17

 
 
41
 
 
−4−14

 
 
32
 
 
2−6

 
 
61
 
 
91

 
 
40
 
 
166

 
 
67
 
 
1910

 
 
78
 
 
189

 
 
63
 
 
134

 
 
63
 
 
6−2

 
 
43
 
 
−5−11

 
 
75
 
 
−11−17
Average max. and min. temperatures in °C[/size][/size][/size][/size]
Precipitation totals in mm[/size][/size][/size][/size]
Source: [5][/size][/i][/size][/size][/size][/color]
[/t]
[/size]
[show]Imperial conversion[/size][/size][/size][/size][/t]
The interior valley of the Kamchatka River, represented by Klyuchi, has much lower precipitation (at around 450 to 650 millimetres (18 to 26 in)) and significantly more continental temperatures, reaching 19 °C (66 °F) on a typical summer day and during extreme cold winter spells falling as low as −41 °C (−42 °F). Sporadic permafrost prevails over the lower part of this valley, but it becomes more widespread at higher altitudes and glaciers, and continuous permafrost prevails north of 55˚N.
The summer months, when maximum temperatures range from 15 to 20 °C (59 to 68 °F), are popular with tourists, but a growing trend in winter sports keeps tourism pulsing year-round. The volcanoes and glaciers play a role in forming Kamchatka's climate, and hot springs have kept alive dozens of species decimated during the last ice-age.[/size][6][/size]Geology, earthquakes and volcanoes[edit][/size]

The lake-filled Akademia Naukcaldera, seen here from the north withKarymsky volcano in the foreground.[/size]UNESCO World Heritage Site[/b][/size][/size][/size]
Volcanoes of Kamchatka[/size]
[size=0px]Name as inscribed on the World Heritage List[/size][/size][/size][/size]


Koryaksky Volcano rising above Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy[/t][/c][/size][/size][/size][/color]
Type[/t]Natural
Criteria[/t]vii, viii, ix, x
Reference[/t]765
[size=0px]UNESCO region[/size][/t]Asia[/size][/size][/color]
Inscription history[/t][/color][/color]
Inscription[/t]1996 (20th Session)
Extensions[/t]2001
Main article: Volcanoes of KamchatkaThe Kamchatka River and the surrounding central side valley are flanked by large volcanic belts containing around 160 volcanoes, 29 of them still active. The peninsula has a high density of volcanoes and associated volcanic phenomena, with 19 active volcanoes included in the six UNESCO World Heritage List sites in the Volcanoes of Kamchatka group, most of them on the Kamchatka Peninsula, the most volcanic area of the Eurasian continent, with many active cones. The Kamchatka Peninsula is also known as the "land of fire and ice".[7][/size]
The highest volcano is Klyuchevskaya Sopka (4,750 m or 15,584 ft), the largest active volcano in the Northern Hemisphere,[/size][8][/size] while the most striking is Kronotsky: volcanologists Robert and Barbara Decker regard its perfect cone as a prime candidate for the world's most beautiful volcano.[/size][citation needed[/i]][/size] Somewhat more accessible are the three volcanoes visible from Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky: Koryaksky, Avachinsky, and Kozelsky. In the center of Kamchatka is Eurasia's world-famous[/size][weasel words[/i]][/size] Geyser Valley which was partly destroyed by a massive mudslide in June 2007.[/size][9][/size]
Owing to the Kuril-Kamchatka Trench, deep-focus seismic events and tsunamis occur fairly commonly. A pair of megathrust earthquakes occurred off the coast on October 16, 1737, and on November 4, 1952, with magnitudes of ~9.3 and 8.2 respectively.[/size][10][/size] A chain of more shallow earthquakes were recorded as recently as April 2006.[/size][11][/size]
These volcanic features are the site of occurrence of certain extremophile micro-organisms that can survive in extremely hot environments.[/size][12][/size]History and exploration[edit][/font][/size][/font]

Illustration from Stepan Krasheninnikov's Account of the Land of Kamchatka (1755)

Three Brothers rocks in the Avacha Bay
See also: Russian explorersWhen the Russian explorer Ivan Moskvitin reached the Sea of Okhotsk in 1639, further exploration was impeded by the lack of skills and equipment to build sea-going ships and by the harsh land to the northeast inhabited by the warlike Koryak people. Consequently, Russians entered Kamchatka from the north. In 1651, after having assisted in the foundation of the Anadyrsk ostrog, the explorer Mikhail Stadukhin went south and followed the coast of the Sea of Okhotsk from Penzhina Bay to Okhotsk. From about 1667 there were reports of a Kamchatka River to the south. Some time before 1700 a group of Russians were stranded and died on Kamchatka.
In 1695 explorer Vladimir Atlasov became commander of Anadyrsk. In 1696 he sent the Cossack Luka Morozko south. Morozko got as far as the Tigil River and returned with reports and some mysterious writings, probably Japanese. In 1697–1699 Atlasov explored nearly the whole of the peninsula. He built an ostrog at Verkhny-Kamchatsk, rescued or captured a Japanese castaway, and went to Moscow to report. In 1699 the Russians at Verkhny-Kamchatsk were killed on their way back to Anadyrsk by the Koryaks. In 1700 a punitive expedition destroyed a Koryak village and founded Nizhne-Kamchatsk on the lower river. Bolskeretsk was founded in 1703. From about 1705 there was a breakdown of order. There were numerous mutinies and native wars all over the peninsula and north to the Koryak country of the Penzhina River and Olyutorsky Gulf. Several people were sent out to restore order, including Atlasov, who was murdered in 1711. Vasily Merlin restored some degree of order between 1733 and 1739. There was no significant resistance after 1756. A major smallpox epidemic that hit in 1768–1769 quickly decimated the native population; the roughly 2,500 Itelmens present in 1773 were reduced to 1,900 in 1820, from an original population of 12,000–25,000. Those who survived adopted Russian customs, and there was a great deal of intermarriage, such that "Kamchadal" (the original Russian name for the Itelmens) came to mean any Russian or part-Russian born on the peninsula.
In 1713 Peter the Great sent shipbuilders to Okhotsk. A fifty-four-foot boat was built and sailed to the Tegil River in June 1716. This one-week journey, later redirected to Okhotsk-Bolseretsk, became the standard route to Kamchatka. In 1720 Ivan Yevreinov mapped Kamchatka and the Kurils. The Danish-born explorer Vitus Bering left Nezhe-Kamchatsk for his first voyage in 1728 and, as part of his second voyage, foundedPetropavlovsk-Kamchatsky in 1740.

Temple of the Sacred Trinity in Petropavlovsk-KamchatskyVitus Bering's Second Kamchatka Expedition (ca 1733-1743), in the service of the Russian Navy, began the final "opening" of Kamchatka, helped by the fact that the government began to use the area to exile people, famously the Slovak explorer and rebel the Count de Benyovszky in 1770. In 1755 Stepan Krasheninnikov published the first detailed description of the peninsula, An Account of the Land of Kamchatka. The Russian government encouraged the commercial activities of the Russian-American Company by granting land to newcomers on the peninsula. By 1812 the indigenous population had fallen to less than 3,200 while the Russian population had risen to 2,500.
In 1854 the French and British, who were battling Russian forces in the course of the Crimean War, attacked Petropavlovsk. During the Siege of Petropavlovsk, 988 men with a mere 68 guns managed to defend the outpost against 6 ships with 206 guns and 2,540 French and British soldiers. Despite the heroic defense, the Russians abandoned Petropavlovsk as a strategic liability after the French and British forces withdrew. The next year, when a second enemy force came to attack the port, they found it deserted. Frustrated, the ships bombarded the city and withdrew.
On May 21, 1865, the American Civil War came to the area: the Confederate States Navy steamer Shenandoah sailed past the southern end of the Kamchatka Peninsula on its way to hunt United States whaling ships in the Sea of Okhotsk. As a commerce raider, the CSS Shenandoah aimed to destroy Yankee merchant shipping and thus draw off United States Navy ships in pursuit and thereby loosen the US Navy blockade of Confederate coasts. The ship spent almost three weeks in the Sea, destroying only one ship because of the dangerous ice, before moving on to the North Pacific where it virtually destroyed the North Pacific whaling fleet, capturing 24 whalers and sinking most of them.
The next fifty years were lean ones for Kamchatka. The naval port moved to Ust-Amur, and in 1867 Russia sold Alaska to the United States, making Petropavlovsk obsolete as a transit point for traders and explorers on their way to the American territories. In 1860, a Primorsky (Maritime) Region was established[[/color]citation needed][/size] and Kamchatka was placed under its jurisdiction. In 1875 Russia ceded the [/color]Kuril Islands to Japan in return for Russian sovereignty over Sakhalin island. The Russian population of Kamchatka stayed at around 2,500 until the turn of the century, while the native population increased to 5,000. During the 19th century, scientific exploration of the peninsula continued, with Karl von Ditmar making an important journey there in 1851–1854.[/color][13]
[/color]World War II (1939-1945) hardly affected Kamchatka except for its role as a launch site for the invasion of the Kurils in August 1945. After the war the Soviet authorities declared Kamchatka a military zone: it remained closed to Soviet citizens until 1989 and to foreigners until 1990.Terrestrial flora[/color][edit][/size][/font]Kamchatka boasts abundant flora. The variable climate promotes different flora zones where [/color]tundra and muskeg are dominant succeeded by grasses, flowering shrubs and forests of pine, birch, alder and willow. The wide variety of plant forms spread throughout the Peninsula promotes just as wide a variation in animal species that feed off them. Although Kamchatka is mostly tundra, deciduous and coniferous trees are abundant and forests can be found throughout the peninsula.Terrestrial and aquatic fauna[/color][edit][/size][/font]

[/color]A Kamchatka brown bear in the spring

Kamchatka Peninsula surrounded by algal bloom in 2013Kamchatka boasts diverse and abundant wildlife. This is due to climates ranging from temperate to subarctic, diverse topography and geography, many free-flowing rivers, proximity to highly productive waters from the northwestern Pacific Ocean and the Bering and Okhotsk Seas, and to the low human density and minimal development. It also boasts the southernmost expanse of Arctic tundra in the world. Commercial exploitation of marine resources and a history of fur trapping has taken its toll on several species.
Kamchatka is famous for the abundance and size of its brown bears. In the Kronotsky Nature Preserve there are estimated to be three to four bears per 100 square kilometres.[/color][14] Other fauna of note include carnivores such as [/color]tundra wolf (Canis lupus albus), Arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus) Anadyr fox (Vulpes vulpes beringiana), East Siberian lynx (Lynx lynx wrangeli), wolverine (Gulo gulo), sable (Martes zibellina), Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra), East Siberian stoat (Mustela ermine kaneii) and Siberian least weasel (Mustela nivalis pygmaea). The peninsula hosts habitat for several large ungulates including the Kamchatka snow sheep,reindeer (Rangifer tarandus), and Chukotka moose (Alces alces burulini) one of the largest moose in the world and the largest in Eurasia; and rodents/leporids, including mountain hare (Lepus timidus), marmot, and several species of lemming and squirrel. The peninsula is the breeding ground for Steller's sea eagle,[/color][15] one of the largest eagle species, along with the [/color]golden eagle and gyr falcon.
Kamchatka contains probably the world's greatest diversity of salmonid fish, including all six species of anadromous Pacific salmon (chinook, chum, coho, seema, pink, and sockeye). Due to its uniquely suitable environment, biologists estimate that a fifth of all Pacific salmon originates in Kamchatka.[/color][16] [/color]Kuril Lake is recognized as the biggest spawning-ground for sockeye in Eurasia.[/color][17] In response to pressure from poaching and to worldwide decreases in salmon stocks, some 24,000 square kilometres (9,300 sq mi) along nine of the more productive salmon rivers are in the process of being set aside as a nature preserve. Stickleback species, particularly [/color]Gasterosteus aculeatus and Pungitius pungitius, also occur in many coastal drainages, and are likely present in freshwater as well.
Cetaceans that frequent the highly productive waters of the northwestern Pacific and the Okhotsk Sea include: orcas, Dall's and harbor porpoises, humpback whales, sperm whales and fin whales. Less frequently, gray whales (from the eastern population), the critically endangered North Pacific right whale and bowhead whale, beaked whales and minke whales are encountered. Blue whale are known to feed off of the southeastern shelf in summer. Among pinnipeds, Steller's sea lions, northern fur seals, spotted seals and harbor seals are abundant along much of the peninsula. Further north, walruses and bearded seals can be encountered on the Pacific side, and ribbon seals reproduce on the ice of Karaginsky Bay. Sea otters are concentrated primarily on the southern end of the peninsula.
Seabirds include northern fulmars, thick and thin-billed murres, kittiwakes, tufted and horned puffins, red-faced, pelagic and other cormorants, and many other species. Typical of the northern seas, the marine fauna is likewise rich. Of commercial importance are Kamchatka crab (king crab), scallop, squid, pollock, cod, herring, halibut and several species of flatfish.See also[/color][edit][/size][/font][/color]Korean Air Lines Flight 007[/size][/size][/color]

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54
The Flood / Oi m8, wut u got thar?
« on: February 22, 2016, 09:22:55 PM »

Cutlery? well off to the slammer wit ye

55
The Flood / Let's settle this
« on: February 18, 2016, 07:48:54 PM »
Psy, give me your paypal and a number so we can ban verb for a week and be done with this.

56
The Flood / ok
« on: February 13, 2016, 06:04:49 PM »
ok

57
The Flood / NO IT'S GONE
« on: February 10, 2016, 06:34:50 PM »
FUCKING MODS GET OFF MY FORUM

58
The Flood / ok
« on: December 29, 2015, 03:30:41 AM »
?

59
Serious / Why does Napoleon get such a bad rep?
« on: December 26, 2015, 02:00:35 PM »
He didn't start any of the wars that he partook in, wasn't a crazed lunatic with a guillotine fetish, supported new infrastructure like canals, etc.

I've heard people say things like, "He didn't support women's rights" and "He had a lot political prisoners", but that's something so common for that period in Europe that it seems absolutely meaningless.

Is it just because it's cool to make him seem like a tiny angry man in popular media?

60
The Flood / "Rome is falling"
« on: December 16, 2015, 11:24:10 AM »
>tmw we're being invaded by barbarians

sucks fam

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